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Smilacaceae Vent. Tabl. Regn. Veg. 2: 146. 1799. (5 May 1799) [wfo-7000000571]synonym Coprosmanthus Kunth Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1848: 35 (1848) [wfo-4000009231] synonym Pseudosmilax Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 124 (1920) [wfo-4000031695] synonym Sarsaparilla Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713 (1891) [wfo-4000034128] S. aberrans Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 71 (1934) [wfo-0000740722]synonym Smilax tsaii F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 117 (1934) [wfo-0000741939] S. amblyobasis K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 565 (1925) [wfo-0000740739] S. ampla Warb. ex K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 562 (1925) [wfo-0000740703] S. anceps Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 782 (1806) [wfo-0000740727]synonym Smilax anceps var. boutonii Baker Fl. Mauritius : 379 (1877) [wfo-0000771027] synonym Smilax anceps var. semiamplexicaulis Baker Fl. Mauritius : 378 (1877) [wfo-0000771025] synonym Smilax borbonica A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 169 (1878) [wfo-0000740775] synonym Smilax cynodon Cordem. Fl. Réunion : 150 (1895) [wfo-0000740584] synonym Smilax goudotiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 172 (1878) [wfo-0000742691] synonym Smilax herbacea Thunb. Fl. Cap., ed. 2: 341 (1823) [wfo-0000742361] synonym Smilax kraussiana Meisn. Flora 28: 312 (1845) [wfo-0000742564] synonym Smilax kraussiana var. dregei A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 172 (1878) [wfo-0000770508] synonym Smilax kraussiana var. morsoniana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 172 (1878) [wfo-0000770509] synonym Smilax kraussiana var. senegambiae A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 172 (1878) [wfo-0000770510] synonym Smilax lessertiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 173 (1878) [wfo-0000742547] synonym Smilax morsaniana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 241 (1850) [wfo-0000742806] synonym Smilax mossambicensis Garcke Naturw. Reise Mossambique 6(Bot., 2): 518 (1864) [wfo-0000742808] synonym Smilax semiamplexicaulis Bojer Hortus Maurit. : 353 (1837) [wfo-0000742198] synonym Smilax telfaireana Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 170 (1878) [wfo-0000742284] synonym Smilax telfaireana Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5121 A. [1831-32] [wfo-0001072914] S. annulata Warb. ex K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 564 (1925) [wfo-0000740697] S. aquifolium Ferrufino & Greuter Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A., 16(5): 12 (2010) [wfo-0000918759]basionym Smilax ilicifolia Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 171 (1850) [wfo-0000742457] synonym Smilax ilicifolia Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 171 (1850) [wfo-0000742457]homotypic Smilax aquifolium Ferrufino & Greuter Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A., 16(5): 12 (2010) [wfo-0000918759] synonym Smilax ilicifolia var. sublappacea A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 125 (1878) [wfo-0000753131] S. arisanensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 356 (1911) [wfo-0000740701] S. aristolochiifolia Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 7 (1768) [wfo-0000740693]synonym Smilax kerberi F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 408 (1922) [wfo-0000742569] synonym Smilax medica Schltdl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 47 (1831) [wfo-0000742698] synonym Smilax medica var. bracteata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 87 (1878) [wfo-0000753122] S. aspera L. Sp. Pl. : 1028 (1753) [wfo-0000740704]synonym Smilax aspera var. altissima Moris & De Not. Fl. Caprar. : 127 (1839) [wfo-0000770405] synonym Smilax aspera var. angustifolia DC. Fl. Franç., éd. 3, 3: 178 (1805) [wfo-0000773511] synonym Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) K.Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 233 (1890) [wfo-1200073255] synonym Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773510]homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338. 1994 [wfo-0000812006] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338 1994 [wfo-0001033668] homotypic Smilax balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat & Barbey Not. Voy. Bot. Baléar. : 12 (1882) [wfo-0000740802] synonym Smilax aspera f. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Knoche Fl. Baléar. 1: 384 (1921) [wfo-1200073260] synonym Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338. 1994 [wfo-0000812006]basionym Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773510] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338 1994 [wfo-0001033668] homotypic Smilax balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat & Barbey Not. Voy. Bot. Baléar. : 12 (1882) [wfo-0000740802] synonym Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338 1994 [wfo-0001033668]basionym Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773510] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338. 1994 [wfo-0000812006] homotypic Smilax balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat & Barbey Not. Voy. Bot. Baléar. : 12 (1882) [wfo-0000740802] synonym Smilax aspera f. intermedia Knoche Fl. Baléar. 1: 383 (1921) [wfo-1200072793] synonym Smilax aspera var. maculata (Roxb. ex D.Don) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 167 (1878) [wfo-0000773516]basionym Smilax maculata Roxb. ex D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 49 (1825) [wfo-0000742725] synonym Smilax aspera subsp. mauritanica (Poir.) Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2: 121 (1894) [wfo-0000770404]basionym Smilax mauritanica Poir. Voy. Barbarie 2: 263 (1789) [wfo-0000742757] homotypic Smilax aspera var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. & Godr. Fl. France Corse 3: 234 (1855) [wfo-0000770914] synonym Smilax aspera var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. & Godr. Fl. France Corse 3: 234 (1855) [wfo-0000770914]basionym Smilax mauritanica Poir. Voy. Barbarie 2: 263 (1789) [wfo-0000742757] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. mauritanica (Poir.) Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2: 121 (1894) [wfo-0000770404] synonym Smilax aspera var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. Fl. France Corse 3: 234 (1855) [wfo-1200073268] synonym Smilax aspera var. nigra (Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773512]basionym Smilax nigra Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 773 (1806) [wfo-0000742775] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. nigra (Willd.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. : 715 (1882) [wfo-0000772155] synonym Smilax aspera subsp. nigra (Willd.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. : 715 (1882) [wfo-0000772155]basionym Smilax nigra Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 773 (1806) [wfo-0000742775] homotypic Smilax aspera var. nigra (Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773512] synonym Smilax aspera var. ochrocarpa A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 167 (1878) [wfo-0000773513] synonym Smilax aspera var. perrottetiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 167 (1878) [wfo-0000773515] synonym Smilax aspera var. picta Willk. Linnaea 40: 22 (1876) [wfo-1200072794] synonym Smilax aspera var. punctata Kolb Gartenflora 20: 98 (1871) [wfo-1200020506] synonym Smilax aspera f. punctata (Kolb) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 643 (1949) [wfo-1200073257] synonym Smilax balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Burnat & Barbey Not. Voy. Bot. Baléar. : 12 (1882) [wfo-0000740802]basionym Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773510] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338. 1994 [wfo-0000812006] homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.DC.) Romo Fl. Silvestres Baleares 338 1994 [wfo-0001033668] synonym Smilax brevipes Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 42 (1903) [wfo-0000740770] synonym Smilax capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 49 (1825) [wfo-0000740574] synonym Smilax catalonica Poir. Encycl. 6: 467 (1805) [wfo-0000740577] synonym Smilax conferta Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 43 (1903) [wfo-0000740668] synonym Smilax excelsa Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 236 (1803) [wfo-0000742610] synonym Smilax goetzeana Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30: 275 (1901) [wfo-0000742690] synonym Smilax inermis Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 43 (1903) [wfo-0000742338] synonym Smilax intricatissima Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 44 (1903) [wfo-0000742348] synonym Smilax longipes Gand. Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 28 (1883) [wfo-0000742925] synonym Smilax maculata Roxb. Hort. Bengal. 72; Fl. Ind. iii. 796. [wfo-0001073385] synonym Smilax maculata Roxb. ex D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 49 (1825) [wfo-0000742725]homotypic Smilax aspera var. maculata (Roxb. ex D.Don) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 167 (1878) [wfo-0000773516] synonym Smilax mauritanica Webb & Berthel. Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2; 3): 322 (1847) [wfo-0000742752] synonym Smilax mauritanica Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 367 (1799) [wfo-0000742745] synonym Smilax mauritanica Poir. Voy. Barbarie 2: 263 (1789) [wfo-0000742757]homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. mauritanica (Poir.) Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital., ed. 2: 121 (1894) [wfo-0000770404] homotypic Smilax aspera var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. & Godr. Fl. France Corse 3: 234 (1855) [wfo-0000770914] synonym Smilax mauritanica subsp. vespertilionis (Boiss.) K.Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 234 (1890) [wfo-0000812007]basionym Smilax mauritanica var. vespertilionis Boiss. Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 609 (1842) [wfo-0000812008] synonym Smilax mauritanica var. vespertilionis Boiss. Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 609 (1842) [wfo-0000812008]homotypic Smilax mauritanica subsp. vespertilionis (Boiss.) K.Richt. Pl. Eur. 1: 234 (1890) [wfo-0000812007] synonym Smilax nigra Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 773 (1806) [wfo-0000742775]homotypic Smilax aspera subsp. nigra (Willd.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. : 715 (1882) [wfo-0000772155] homotypic Smilax aspera var. nigra (Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 165 (1878) [wfo-0000773512] synonym Smilax nilagirensis Steud. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 167 (1878) [wfo-0000742777] synonym Smilax oxycarpa Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 43 (1903) [wfo-0000741802] synonym Smilax peduncularis Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 42 (1903) [wfo-0000741867] synonym Smilax pendulina Lowe Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 12 (1831) [wfo-0000741871] synonym Smilax picta K.Koch Dendrologie 2(2): 337 (1873) [wfo-0000741836] synonym Smilax platyphylla Jord. Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 43 (1903) [wfo-0000741832] synonym Smilax rettiana Willis ex Livera Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: 103 (1928) [wfo-0000771086] synonym Smilax rigida Banks & Sol. Nat. Hist. Aleppo ed. 2, 2: 271 (1794) [wfo-0000739402] synonym Smilax sagittata Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000741727] synonym Smilax sagittifolia G.Lodd. Bot. Cab. 18: t. 1799 (1832) [wfo-0000741740] synonym Smilax saxicola Gand. Contr. Fl. Terr. Slav. Merid. 1: 28 (1883) [wfo-0000741717] synonym Smilax tetragona L.f. Suppl. Pl. : 427 (1782) [wfo-0000742296] synonym Smilax variabilis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 618 (1807) [wfo-0000741904] synonym Smilax willkommii Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 47: 124 (1901) [wfo-0000742001] S. aspericaulis Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 195 (1878) [wfo-0000740705]synonym Smilax aspericaulis var. silletensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 196 (1878) [wfo-1200020696] synonym Smilax bracteata subsp. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 216 (1975) [wfo-0000739239]basionym Smilax verruculosa Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 173 (1910) [wfo-0000741912] homotypic Smilax bracteata var. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 18 (1957) [wfo-0000771124] synonym Smilax bracteata var. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 18 (1957) [wfo-0000771124]basionym Smilax verruculosa Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 173 (1910) [wfo-0000741912] homotypic Smilax bracteata subsp. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 216 (1975) [wfo-0000739239] synonym Smilax trachyclada Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 138 (1920) [wfo-0000741927] synonym Smilax verruculosa Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 173 (1910) [wfo-0000741912]homotypic Smilax bracteata subsp. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 216 (1975) [wfo-0000739239] homotypic Smilax bracteata var. verruculosa (Merr.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 18 (1957) [wfo-0000771124] S. astrosperma F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Hainan. 4: 534 (1977) [wfo-0000740708] S. auriculata Walter Fl. Carol. : 245 (1788) [wfo-0000740762]synonym Smilax beyrichii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 207 (1850) [wfo-0000740839] synonym Smilax ovata Elliott Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 698 (1824) [wfo-0000741777] S. australis R.Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 293 (1810) [wfo-0000740792]synonym Smilax latifolia R.Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 293 (1810) [wfo-0000742469] synonym Smilax latifolia var. crassinervia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 182 (1878) [wfo-0000753794] S. austrozhejiangensis Q.Lin Acta Phytotax. Sin. 28: 71 (1990) [wfo-0000739760] S. azorica H.Schaef. & P.Schönfelder Homenaje al Prof. Dr. Wolfredo Wildpret de la Torre : 304 (2009) [wfo-0000916345]basionym Smilax divaricata Sol. ex H.C.Watson London J. Bot. 3: 608 (1844) [wfo-0000740618] synonym Smilax divaricata Sol. ex H.C.Watson London J. Bot. 3: 608 (1844) [wfo-0000740618]homotypic Smilax azorica H.Schaef. & P.Schönfelder Homenaje al Prof. Dr. Wolfredo Wildpret de la Torre : 304 (2009) [wfo-0000916345] S. bapouensis H.Li Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 20 (1992) [wfo-0000739860] S. basilata F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254 (1978) [wfo-0000740842] S. bauhinioides Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 243 (1850) [wfo-0000740811]synonym Smilax anamitica Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 715 (1891) [wfo-0000740731] S. bella J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 47 (1931) [wfo-0000740784] S. biflora Siebold ex Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000740840]synonym Smilax china var. biflora (Siebold ex Miq.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 184 (1900) [wfo-1200020536] S. biltmoreana (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 413 (1916) [wfo-0000740841]basionym Nemexia biltmoreana Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701138] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata var. biltmoreana (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753162] synonym Nemexia biltmoreana Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701138]homotypic Smilax biltmoreana (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 413 (1916) [wfo-0000740841] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata var. biltmoreana (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753162] synonym Smilax ecirrhata var. biltmoreana (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753162]basionym Nemexia biltmoreana Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701138] homotypic Smilax biltmoreana (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 413 (1916) [wfo-0000740841] S. binchuanensis P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 58 (2013) [wfo-0001336442]synonym Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 70 (1934) [wfo-0000658792] S. bockii Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000740749]synonym Heterosmilax arisanensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 235 (1915) [wfo-0000658537] synonym Heterosmilax indica A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 43 (1878) [wfo-0000658626] synonym Heterosmilax japonica Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 270 (1850) [wfo-0000658637] synonym Heterosmilax raishaensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 138 (1920) [wfo-0000658737] synonym Heterosmilax tsaii F.T.Wang & Tang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 87 (1936) [wfo-0000658781] synonym Smilax goeringii Kladwong, Chantar. & D.A.Simpson Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 46: 51 (2018) [wfo-1000007606] synonym Smilax japonica (Kunth) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 58 (2013) [wfo-0000742374]basionym Coprosmanthus japonicus Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 268 (1850) [wfo-0000643444] synonym Smilax plani-peduncula Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 361 (1911) [wfo-0000741827] synonym Smilax planipedunculata Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 361–362 1911 [wfo-0001073386] synonym Smilax stemonifolia H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 28 (1905) [wfo-0000742333] S. bona-nox L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000740759]synonym Smilax alpini Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol., Suppl.: 67 (1814) [wfo-0000740737] synonym Smilax asperovariabilis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: 618 (1807) [wfo-0000740706] synonym Smilax bermudensis Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 241 (1803) [wfo-0000740827] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. exauriculata Fernald Rhodora 46: 36 (1944) [wfo-0000753348] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. hastata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 79 (1878) [wfo-0000753374]basionym Smilax hastata Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 782 (1806) [wfo-0000742620] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. hederifolia (A.DC.) Fernald Rhodora 46: 36 (1944) [wfo-0000753334] synonym Smilax bona-nox subsp. hederifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 77 (1878) [wfo-0000753332]basionym Smilax hederifolia Beyr. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 209 (1850) [wfo-0000770342] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. horrida (Poir.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753358]basionym Smilax horrida Poir. Encycl., Suppl. 5: 24 (1817) [wfo-0000742446] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. littoralis Coker ex Sorrie Phytoneuron 2014-16: 1 (2014) [wfo-1200073256] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. littoralis Coker J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 60: 42, tab. 11, 28. 1944 [wfo-0000753357] synonym Smilax bona-nox subsp. pandurata (Pursh) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 177 (1878) [wfo-0000753329]basionym Smilax pandurata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 251 (1813) [wfo-0000741798] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. plukenetii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753356] synonym Smilax bona-nox subsp. polyodonta A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753328] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. rubens A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753355] synonym Smilax bona-nox var. senticosa (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 79 (1878) [wfo-0000753354]basionym Smilax senticosa Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 209 (1850) [wfo-0000742216] synonym Smilax bona-nox subsp. wrightii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753350] synonym Smilax cantab Lynch Garden (London, 1871-1927) 56: 505 (1899) [wfo-1000037913] synonym Smilax hastata Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 782 (1806) [wfo-0000742620]homotypic Smilax bona-nox var. hastata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 79 (1878) [wfo-0000753374] synonym Smilax hederifolia Beyr. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 209 (1850) [wfo-0000770342]homotypic Smilax bona-nox subsp. hederifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 77 (1878) [wfo-0000753332] synonym Smilax horrida Poir. Encycl., Suppl. 5: 24 (1817) [wfo-0000742446]homotypic Smilax bona-nox var. horrida (Poir.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 78 (1878) [wfo-0000753358] synonym Smilax lomoplis Raf. Autik. Bot. : 128 (1840) [wfo-0000742864] synonym Smilax medica M.Martens & Galeotti Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 9(2): 390 (1842) [wfo-0000742804] synonym Smilax pandurata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 251 (1813) [wfo-0000741798]homotypic Smilax bona-nox subsp. pandurata (Pursh) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 177 (1878) [wfo-0000753329] synonym Smilax platycentron Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 452 (1844) [wfo-0000741830] synonym Smilax platycentron f. emarginata Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 453 (1845) [wfo-0000753134] synonym Smilax platycentron var. emarginata Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 453 1844 [wfo-0001073376] synonym Smilax platycentron f. hastata Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 454 (1845) [wfo-0000753142] synonym Smilax platycentron var. hastata Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 454 1844 [wfo-0001073377] synonym Smilax pseudosarsa Vis. Index Seminum (PAD, Patavium) [s.p.] no. 6 1839 [wfo-0000741724] synonym Smilax pubens Willd. Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol., Suppl.: 67 (1814) [wfo-0000741726] synonym Smilax renifolia Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 608 (1898) [wfo-0000741772] synonym Smilax rubens P.Watson Dendrol. Brit. 2: t. 108 (1825) [wfo-0000741764] synonym Smilax senticosa Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 209 (1850) [wfo-0000742216]homotypic Smilax bona-nox var. senticosa (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 79 (1878) [wfo-0000753354] synonym Smilax variegata Walter Fl. Carol. : 244 (1788) [wfo-0000741889] S. bracteata C.Presl Reliq. Haenk. 1: 131 (1827) [wfo-0000740766]synonym Smilax bonii Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 72 (1934) [wfo-0000740760] synonym Smilax bracteata var. barbata T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 20 (1957) [wfo-1200024413] synonym Smilax divaricata Blanco Fl. Filip. : 795 (1837) [wfo-0000740612] synonym Smilax fistulosa Blanco Fl. Filip. : 796 (1837) [wfo-0000742587] synonym Smilax lyi H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8: 171 (1910) [wfo-0000742970] synonym Smilax phyllantha Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 73 (1934) [wfo-0000741878] synonym Smilax stenopetala A.Gray Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 6: 412 (1859) [wfo-0000742207] synonym Smilax trukensis Hosok. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 7: 185 (1937) [wfo-0000741934] S. brasiliensis Spreng. Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 100 (1825) [wfo-0000740767]synonym Smilax brasiliensis var. grisebachii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 137 (1878) [wfo-0000753353] synonym Smilax brasiliensis var. tricapillaris A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 137 (1878) [wfo-0000753352] synonym Smilax glauca Mart. Reise Bras. 1: 283 (1823) [wfo-0000742680] synonym Smilax pruinosa Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 14 (1842) [wfo-0000741720] S. californica (A.DC.) A.Gray Bot. California 2: 186 (1880) [wfo-0000740710]basionym Smilax rotundifolia var. californica A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 75 (1878) [wfo-0000753238] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. californica A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 75 (1878) [wfo-0000753238]homotypic Smilax californica (A.DC.) A.Gray Bot. California 2: 186 (1880) [wfo-0000740710] S. calophylla Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 60 (1878) [wfo-0000740563] S. cambodiana Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 72 (1934) [wfo-0000740564] S. campestris Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 15 (1842) [wfo-0000740565]synonym Smilax campestris var. marginulata (Mart. ex Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 134 (1878) [wfo-0000753349]basionym Smilax marginulata Mart. ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 16 (1842) [wfo-0000742717] synonym Smilax campestris var. marginulatum (Mart. ex Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 134 (1878) [wfo-0001072907] synonym Smilax campestris var. rubiginosa (Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 133 (1878) [wfo-0000753359]basionym Smilax rubiginosa Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 14 (1842) [wfo-0000741761] synonym Smilax marginulata Mart. ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 16 (1842) [wfo-0000742717]homotypic Smilax campestris var. marginulata (Mart. ex Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 134 (1878) [wfo-0000753349] synonym Smilax montana Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 15 (1842) [wfo-0000742800] synonym Smilax rubiginosa Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 14 (1842) [wfo-0000741761]homotypic Smilax campestris var. rubiginosa (Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 133 (1878) [wfo-0000753359] synonym Smilax scalaris Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 16 (1842) [wfo-0000742140] synonym Smilax viminea Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 13 (1842) [wfo-0000741966] S. canariensis Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 784 (1806) [wfo-0000740568]synonym Smilax latifolia Sol. ex Lowe Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 4: 12 (1831) [wfo-0000742475] synonym Smilax rubra Link Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. : 140 (1828) [wfo-0000741732] S. canellifolia Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 10 (1768) [wfo-0000740572]synonym Smilax balbisiana Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. : 586 (1864) [wfo-0000740795] synonym Smilax celastroides Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 184 (1850) [wfo-0000740580] synonym Smilax cumanensis Spreng. Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 102 (1825) [wfo-0000740690] synonym Smilax ehrenbergiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 174 (1850) [wfo-0000742602] synonym Smilax subaculeata Spreng. Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 102 (1825) [wfo-0000742312] synonym Smilax viscifolia Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 243 (1803) [wfo-0000741984] S. chapaensis Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 72 (1934) [wfo-0000740567]synonym Smilax lanceifolia subsp. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 112 (1983) [wfo-0000739065]basionym Smilax micropoda var. reflexa J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 6 (1916) [wfo-0000771141] homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771142] synonym Smilax lanceifolia var. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771142]basionym Smilax micropoda var. reflexa J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 6 (1916) [wfo-0000771141] homotypic Smilax lanceifolia subsp. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 112 (1983) [wfo-0000739065] synonym Smilax micropoda var. reflexa J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 6 (1916) [wfo-0000771141]homotypic Smilax lanceifolia subsp. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 112 (1983) [wfo-0000739065] homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. reflexa (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771142] S. china L. Sp. Pl. : 1029 (1753) [wfo-0000740545]synonym Smilax boninensis Nakai Rigakkwai xxvi. v. 4; et in Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Jap. 1930, i. 255, nomen Tuyama in Bot. Mag., Tokyo, 1936, l. 25, descr. 1928 [wfo-0000740761] S. china var. china Unknown [wfo-0001426084]synonym Coprosmanthus japonicus Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 268 (1850) [wfo-0000643444]homotypic Smilax japonica (Kunth) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 58 (2013) [wfo-0000742374] synonym Smilax boninensis Nakai ex Tuyama Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 50: 25 (1936) [wfo-1200073247] synonym Smilax china f. gigantifolia (Sasam.) T.Koyama Fl. Japan 4b: 100 (2016) [wfo-0001322642] synonym Smilax china var. gigantifolia Sasam. Fl. Coast. Zone Iwate : 110 (1950) [wfo-0001385837] synonym Smilax china f. igaensis (Masam. & Kurok.) T.Koyama Fl. Japan 4b: 100 (2016) [wfo-0001322643] synonym Smilax china var. igaensis Masam. & Kurok. J. Geobot. 7: 18 (1958) [wfo-0001385838] synonym Smilax china var. macrocarpa Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46: 635 (1932) [wfo-1200020664] synonym Smilax china var. microphylla Nakai Fl. Sylv. Kor. 22: 105 (1939) [wfo-0000771782] synonym Smilax china var. pruniformis Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 697 (1935) [wfo-1200020709] synonym Smilax china f. pruniformis (Honda) Sugim. New Keys Jap. Trees : 475 (1961) [wfo-1200073258] synonym Smilax china var. recticaulis T.Koyama Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 12 (1963) [wfo-0000771133] synonym Smilax china var. straminea F.P.Metcalf Lingnan Sci. J. 10: 415 (1931) [wfo-0000911082] synonym Smilax china var. taiheiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 9 (1957) [wfo-0000771783]basionym Smilax taiheiensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 134 (1920) [wfo-0000742323] synonym Smilax china f. variegata Hir.Takah. J. Geobot. 20: 44 (1972) [wfo-0000739244] synonym Smilax china f. xanthocarpa Sugim. J. Geobot. 24: 63 (1977) [wfo-0000739404] synonym Smilax china var. yakushimensis Masam. J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 195 (1932) [wfo-1200020571] synonym Smilax china f. yanagitae (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 9 (1957) [wfo-1200073254] synonym Smilax china var. yanagitae Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 697 (1935) [wfo-1200020711] synonym Smilax china var. yanagitai Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49: 697 1935 [wfo-0000771623]homotypic Smilax china f. yanagitai (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 9 1957 [wfo-0000771612] synonym Smilax japonica (Kunth) A.Gray Narr. Exped. China Japan 2: 230 (1856) [wfo-1200073250] synonym Smilax pteropus Miq. J. Bot. Néerl. 1: 89 (1861) [wfo-0000741725] synonym Smilax taiheiensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 134 (1920) [wfo-0000742323]homotypic Smilax china var. taiheiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 9 (1957) [wfo-0000771783] synonym Smilax taquetii H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 372 (1912) [wfo-0000742283] synonym Smilax thomsoniana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 104 (1878) [wfo-0000742301] S. china var. kuru Sakag. ex Yamam. J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 11: 278 (1939) [wfo-0000771624] S. chinensis (F.T.Wang) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 58 (2013) [wfo-0001424107]synonym Heterosmilax chinensis F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 121 (1934) [wfo-0000658559] S. chingii F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 426 (1934) [wfo-0000740550]synonym Smilax chingii var. papillosifolia J.M.Xu Fl. Sichuanica 7: 350 (1991) [wfo-0000739848] synonym Smilax megalantha var. ferruginea F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 114 (1934) [wfo-0000771931] synonym Smilax megalantha var. maclurei Merr. Lingnan Sci. J. 13: 20 (1934) [wfo-0000771932] S. cinnamomea Desf. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 146 (1878) [wfo-0000740554] S. cissoides M.Martens & Galeotti Fl. Bras. 3(1): 8 (1842) [wfo-0000740556]synonym Smilax campestris var. spruceana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 133 (1878) [wfo-0000753347] synonym Smilax cissoides var. laeviuscula A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 129 (1878) [wfo-0000753346] S. cocculoides Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 257 (1900) [wfo-0000740557]synonym Smilax polycolea var. acuminata Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 257 (1900) [wfo-0000771940] S. cognata Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 175 (1850) [wfo-0000740558]synonym Smilax montevidensis hort. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. ii. 599, nomen (Quid ?). [wfo-0001251056] S. compta (Killip & C.V.Morton) Ferrufino Willdenowia 40: 244 (2010) [wfo-0000922505]basionym Smilax spinosa var. compta Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 264 (1936) [wfo-0000753243] synonym Smilax lappacea var. ornata Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 289 (1936) [wfo-0000753124] synonym Smilax spinosa var. compta Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 264 (1936) [wfo-0000753243]homotypic Smilax compta (Killip & C.V.Morton) Ferrufino Willdenowia 40: 244 (2010) [wfo-0000922505] S. corbularia Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 262 (1850) [wfo-0000740672]S. corbularia var. corbularia Unknown [wfo-0000773518]synonym Smilax balansana Baill. ex Gagnep. Fl. Indo-Chine 6: 760 (1934) [wfo-0000740794] synonym Smilax banglaoensis R.H.Miao Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1982: 76 (1982) [wfo-0000739435] synonym Smilax peguana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 62 (1878) [wfo-0000741869] S. corbularia var. woodii (Merr.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 15 (1960) [wfo-0000771934]basionym Smilax woodii Merr. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 162 (1922) [wfo-0000742002] synonym Smilax amaurophlebia Merr. Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 39 (1932) [wfo-0000740738] synonym Smilax woodii Merr. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 162 (1922) [wfo-0000742002]homotypic Smilax corbularia var. woodii (Merr.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 15 (1960) [wfo-0000771934] S. cordato-ovata Rich. Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 113 (1792) [wfo-0000740680] S. cordifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 778 (1806) [wfo-0000740682] S. coriacea Spreng. Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 103 (1825) [wfo-0000740684]synonym Smilax coriacea Bello Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 120 (1883) [wfo-0000740650] synonym Smilax havanensis var. portoricensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 124 (1878) [wfo-0000802542] S. cristalensis Ferrufino & Greuter Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A., 16(5): 9 (2010) [wfo-0000916414]synonym Smilax populnea var. angustata O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 7: 492 (1913) [wfo-0000753150] S. cuprea Ferrufino & Greuter Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A., 16(5): 11 (2010) [wfo-0000916413] S. cuspidata Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 242 (1803) [wfo-0000740607]synonym Smilax floribunda Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000742592] S. darrisii H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 533 (1913) [wfo-0000740586] S. davidiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 104 (1878) [wfo-0000740588]synonym Smilax adhaerens Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 71 (1934) [wfo-0000740711] synonym Smilax china var. brachypoda Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 92 (1927) [wfo-0000771929] synonym Smilax micro-china T.Koyama Dansk Bot. Ark. 23: 15 (1963) [wfo-0000742713] S. densibarbata F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000740599] S. domingensis Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 783 (1806) [wfo-0000740628]synonym Smilax balbisiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 183 (1850) [wfo-0000740797] synonym Smilax berteroi Spreng. Syst. Veg., ed. 16. 2: 102 (1825) [wfo-0000740838] synonym Smilax canaliculata F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 406 (1922) [wfo-0000740566] synonym Smilax caudata Lundell Wrightia 3: 162 (1966) [wfo-0000740578] synonym Smilax chiapensis Lundell Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 7: 3 (1942) [wfo-0000740543] synonym Smilax colubrina J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 45 (1931) [wfo-0000740692] synonym Smilax domingensis Schltdl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 48 (1831) [wfo-0000740635] synonym Smilax domingensis var. microscola B.L.Rob. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 35: 323 (1900) [wfo-0000753164]homotypic Smilax microscola (B.L.Rob.) Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 267 (1936) [wfo-0000742738] synonym Smilax domingensis var. sagrana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 101 (1878) [wfo-0000753163] synonym Smilax engleriana F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 407 (1922) [wfo-0000742613] synonym Smilax eucalyptifolia Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 230 (1850) [wfo-0000742590] synonym Smilax floribunda Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 229 (1850) [wfo-0000742591]homotypic Smilax kunthii Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 269 (1936) [wfo-0000742566] synonym Smilax gilva J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 44 (1931) [wfo-0000742678] synonym Smilax jauaensis Steyerm. & Maguire Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 854 (1972) [wfo-0000742382] synonym Smilax krukovii A.C.Sm. J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 290 (1939) [wfo-0000742565] synonym Smilax kunthii Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 269 (1936) [wfo-0000742566]basionym Smilax floribunda Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 229 (1850) [wfo-0000742591] synonym Smilax lasseriana Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 154 (1951) [wfo-0000742500] synonym Smilax microscola (B.L.Rob.) Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 267 (1936) [wfo-0000742738]basionym Smilax domingensis var. microscola B.L.Rob. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 35: 323 (1900) [wfo-0000753164] synonym Smilax multiflora M.Martens & Galeotti Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 9(2): 390 (1842) [wfo-0000742810] synonym Smilax parvifolia Sessé & Moc. Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 232 (1894) [wfo-0000741861] synonym Smilax reticulata Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000741752] synonym Smilax robusta Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 12 (1842) [wfo-0000741766] synonym Smilax schlechtendalii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 224 (1850) [wfo-0000742157] synonym Smilax schlechtendalii var. lindenii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 102 (1878) [wfo-0000753222] synonym Smilax staminea Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 11 (1842) [wfo-0000742104] synonym Smilax staminea f. obtusata Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 156 (1951) [wfo-0000753226] S. ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Watson Manual, ed. 6: 520 (1890) [wfo-0000742601]basionym Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirratus Engelm. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 266 (1850) [wfo-0000911079] homotypic Coprosmanthus ecirratus (Engelm. ex Kunth) Chapm. Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 504 (1897) [wfo-0000643422] homotypic Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701105] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) A.Gray ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000911086] synonym Coprosmanthus ecirratus (Engelm. ex Kunth) Chapm. Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 504 (1897) [wfo-0000643422]basionym Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirratus Engelm. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 266 (1850) [wfo-0000911079] homotypic Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701105] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Watson Manual, ed. 6: 520 (1890) [wfo-0000742601] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) A.Gray ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000911086] synonym Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirratus Engelm. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 266 (1850) [wfo-0000911079]homotypic Coprosmanthus ecirratus (Engelm. ex Kunth) Chapm. Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 504 (1897) [wfo-0000643422] homotypic Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701105] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Watson Manual, ed. 6: 520 (1890) [wfo-0000742601] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) A.Gray ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000911086] synonym Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701105]basionym Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirratus Engelm. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 266 (1850) [wfo-0000911079] homotypic Coprosmanthus ecirratus (Engelm. ex Kunth) Chapm. Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 504 (1897) [wfo-0000643422] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Watson Manual, ed. 6: 520 (1890) [wfo-0000742601] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) A.Gray ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000911086] synonym Smilax herbacea var. ecirrata (Engelm. ex Kunth) A.Gray ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000911086]basionym Coprosmanthus herbaceus var. ecirratus Engelm. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 266 (1850) [wfo-0000911079] homotypic Coprosmanthus ecirratus (Engelm. ex Kunth) Chapm. Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3: 504 (1897) [wfo-0000643422] homotypic Nemexia ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701105] homotypic Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S.Watson Manual, ed. 6: 520 (1890) [wfo-0000742601] S. elastica Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 22 (1842) [wfo-0000742603]synonym Smilax brasiliensis var. impressovenosa Mattos Loefgrenia 54: 1 (1971) [wfo-0000739241] synonym Smilax elastica var. aculeata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 140 (1878) [wfo-0000753151] synonym Smilax ficifolia Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 21 (1842) [wfo-0000742585] S. elegans Wall. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 163 (1850) [wfo-1000041331]S. elegans subsp. elegans Unknown [wfo-0000773520]synonym Smilax elegans subsp. glaucophylla (Klotzsch) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 154 (1994) [wfo-0000739338]basionym Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar : 45 (1862) [wfo-0000742685] homotypic Smilax parvifolia Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 304 (1892) [wfo-0000741859] synonym Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar : 45 (1862) [wfo-0000742685]homotypic Smilax elegans subsp. glaucophylla (Klotzsch) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 154 (1994) [wfo-0000739338] homotypic Smilax parvifolia Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 304 (1892) [wfo-0000741859] synonym Smilax parvifolia Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 304 (1892) [wfo-0000741859]basionym Smilax glaucophylla Klotzsch Bot. Ergebn. Reise Waldemar : 45 (1862) [wfo-0000742685] homotypic Smilax elegans subsp. glaucophylla (Klotzsch) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 154 (1994) [wfo-0000739338] S. elegans subsp. osmastonii (F.T.Wang & Tang) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 155 (1994) [wfo-0000739413]basionym Smilax osmastonii F.T.Wang & Tang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 298 (1937) [wfo-0000741822] synonym Smilax erecta Osmaston Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 284 (1925) [wfo-0000742615] synonym Smilax osmastonii F.T.Wang & Tang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 298 (1937) [wfo-0000741822]homotypic Smilax elegans subsp. osmastonii (F.T.Wang & Tang) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 155 (1994) [wfo-0000739413] S. elegans subsp. subrecta Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 155 (1994) [wfo-0000739326]synonym Smilax elegans var. major A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 107 (1878) [wfo-0000771079] synonym Smilax longebracteolata Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 305 (1892) [wfo-0000742980] S. elegantissima Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 619 (1934) [wfo-0000742605]synonym Smilax polycephala F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000741840] S. elmeri Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 6 (1918) [wfo-0000742609]basionym Smilax reticulata Elmer Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2740 (1915) [wfo-0000741754] synonym Smilax reticulata Elmer Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2740 (1915) [wfo-0000741754]homotypic Smilax elmeri Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 13: 6 (1918) [wfo-0000742609] S. elongatoumbellata Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 358 (1911) [wfo-0000742611]synonym Smilax elongatoreticulata Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 357 (1911) [wfo-0000742599]homotypic Smilax elongatoumbellata f. elongatoreticulata (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 12 (1957) [wfo-0000911084] synonym Smilax elongatoumbellata f. elongatoreticulata (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 12 (1957) [wfo-0000911084]basionym Smilax elongatoreticulata Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 357 (1911) [wfo-0000742599] S. emeiensis J.M.Xu Acta Phytotax. Sin. 23: 234 (1985) [wfo-0000738930] S. excelsa L. Sp. Pl. : 1029 (1753) [wfo-0000742607]synonym Smilax laevis Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 129 (1852) [wfo-0000742554] synonym Smilax panduriformis Aliev Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 21: 80 (1961) [wfo-0000741800] S. extensa Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 309 (1892) [wfo-0000742581] S. flavicaulis Rusby Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 7: 213 (1927) [wfo-0000742580] S. fluminensis Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 598 (1841) [wfo-0000742594]basionym Smilax china Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 105 (1831) [wfo-0000740546] synonym Smilax china Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 105 (1831) [wfo-0000740546]homotypic Smilax fluminensis Steud. Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 598 (1841) [wfo-0000742594] synonym Smilax syringoides Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 11 (1842) [wfo-0000742292] synonym Smilax syringoides var. multiflora Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 12 (1843) [wfo-0000753251] S. fooningensis F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000742596] S. fortunensis Ferrufino & Gómez-Laur. Brenesia 83-84: 1 (2015) [wfo-0001330663] S. gagnepainii T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3(4): 163 (1977) [wfo-0000742630]basionym Smilax tetraptera Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 74 (1934) [wfo-0000742300] synonym Smilax tetraptera Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 74 (1934) [wfo-0000742300]homotypic Smilax gagnepainii T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3(4): 163 (1977) [wfo-0000742630] S. gaudichaudiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 252 (1850) [wfo-0000742682]homotypic Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 44. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-0000658603] homotypic Heterosmilax japonica var. gaudichaudiana (Kunth) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 244 (1978) [wfo-0000658648] homotypic Oligosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Seem. J. Bot. 6: 258 (1868) [wfo-0000714147] synonym Heterosmilax erythrantha Baill. ex Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 69 (1934) [wfo-0000658592] synonym Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 44. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-0000658603]basionym Smilax gaudichaudiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 252 (1850) [wfo-0000742682] homotypic Heterosmilax japonica var. gaudichaudiana (Kunth) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 244 (1978) [wfo-0000658648] homotypic Oligosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Seem. J. Bot. 6: 258 (1868) [wfo-0000714147] synonym Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg sér. 3, 17: 176 (1872) [wfo-1200073246] synonym Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana var. hongkongensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 45 (1878) [wfo-0000773838] synonym Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana var. latifolia Bodinier ex H.Lév. Liliac. & C.Chine : 22 (1905) [wfo-0000911080] synonym Heterosmilax japonica var. gaudichaudiana (Kunth) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 244 (1978) [wfo-0000658648]basionym Smilax gaudichaudiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 252 (1850) [wfo-0000742682] homotypic Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 44. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-0000658603] homotypic Oligosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Seem. J. Bot. 6: 258 (1868) [wfo-0000714147] synonym Oligosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Seem. J. Bot. 6: 258 (1868) [wfo-0000714147]basionym Smilax gaudichaudiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 252 (1850) [wfo-0000742682] homotypic Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 44. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-0000658603] homotypic Heterosmilax japonica var. gaudichaudiana (Kunth) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 244 (1978) [wfo-0000658648] synonym Smilax hongkongensis Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald : 420 (1857) [wfo-0000742438] synonym Smilax mcclurei T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 39 (1960) [wfo-0000742702] S. gigantea Merr. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85: 161 (1922) [wfo-0000742675] S. glabra Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 792 (1832) [wfo-0000742694]synonym Smilax blinii H.Lév. Fl. Kouy-Tchéou : 256 (1915) [wfo-0000740746] synonym Smilax calophylla var. concolor C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 96 (1903) [wfo-0000753342] synonym Smilax dunniana H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 446 (1911) [wfo-0000742600] synonym Smilax glabra var. maculata H.Lév. Liliac. & C.Chine : 23 (1905) [wfo-0000773888] synonym Smilax lanceolata Burm.f. Fl. Ind. : 213 (1768) [wfo-0000742575] synonym Smilax mengmaensis R.H.Miao Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 1982(3): 75 (1982) [wfo-0000739666] synonym Smilax trigona Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 258 (1900) [wfo-0000741956] S. glauca Walter Fl. Carol. : 245 (1788) [wfo-0000742668]synonym Smilax caroliniana F.Dietr. Neu. Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 8: 305 (1838) [wfo-1000037852] synonym Smilax discolor Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 454 (1844) [wfo-0000740582]homotypic Smilax glauca var. discolor (Schltdl.) C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 305 (1962) [wfo-0000753167] synonym Smilax glauca var. discolor (Schltdl.) C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 305 (1962) [wfo-0000753167]basionym Smilax discolor Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 454 (1844) [wfo-0000740582] synonym Smilax glauca var. genuina S.F.Blake Rhodora 20: 79 (1918) [wfo-0001377894] synonym Smilax glauca var. leurophylla S.F.Blake Rhodora 20: 80 (1918) [wfo-0000753157] S. glauco-china Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 255 (1900) [wfo-0000742683]homotypic Smilax sebeana var. glaucochina (Warb.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 44 (1960) [wfo-0000773894] synonym Smilax bodinieri H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 27 (1905) [wfo-0000740752] synonym Smilax sebeana var. glaucochina (Warb.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 44 (1960) [wfo-0000773894]basionym Smilax glauco-china Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 255 (1900) [wfo-0000742683] S. gracilior Ferrufino & Greuter Fl. Rep. Cuba, Ser. A., 16(5): 16 (2010) [wfo-0000916508] S. griffithii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 198 (1878) [wfo-0000742649]synonym Smilax griffithii var. borii Panigrahi & Naik Curr. Sci. 33: 500 (1964) [wfo-0000771125] synonym Smilax griffithii var. pallescens (A.DC.) T.Koyama Advancing Frontiers Pl. Sci. 4: 45 (1963) [wfo-0000771126]basionym Smilax pallescens A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 198 (1878) [wfo-0000741796] synonym Smilax pallescens A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 198 (1878) [wfo-0000741796]homotypic Smilax griffithii var. pallescens (A.DC.) T.Koyama Advancing Frontiers Pl. Sci. 4: 45 (1963) [wfo-0000771126] S. guianensis Vitman Summa Pl. 5: 422 (1791) [wfo-0000742666]synonym Smilax guianensis var. subarmata O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 4: 149 (1903) [wfo-0000753156]homotypic Smilax subarmata (O.E.Schulz) O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 28 (1904) [wfo-0000742314] synonym Smilax macrophylla Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 786 (1806) [wfo-0000742719] synonym Smilax macrophylla var. variegata B.S.Williams Choice Stove Orn.-Leav. Pl. : 295 (1870) [wfo-1200020537] synonym Smilax megalophylla Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 244 (1803) [wfo-0000742704] synonym Smilax subarmata (O.E.Schulz) O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 28 (1904) [wfo-0000742314]basionym Smilax guianensis var. subarmata O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 4: 149 (1903) [wfo-0000753156] S. guiyangensis C.X.Fu & C.D.Shen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 35: 70 (1997) [wfo-0000739496] S. havanensis Jacq. Enum. Syst. Pl. : 33 (1760) [wfo-0000742659]synonym Smilax dentata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 774 (1806) [wfo-0000740642]homotypic Smilax havanensis var. dentata (Willd.) O.E.Schulz [wfo-0001040958] synonym Smilax havanensis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. : 586 (1864) [wfo-0000742660] synonym Smilax havanensis var. armata O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 41 (1904) [wfo-0000753183] synonym Smilax havanensis var. dentata (Willd.) O.E.Schulz [wfo-0001040958]basionym Smilax dentata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 774 (1806) [wfo-0000740642] synonym Smilax havanensis subvar. dentata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 123 (1878) [wfo-0001408362] synonym Smilax havanensis f. inermis O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 41 (1905) [wfo-0000753154] synonym Smilax havanensis f. laevis O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 41 (1904) [wfo-0000753153] synonym Smilax havanensis var. ovata (Duhamel) O.E.Schulz [wfo-0001040959]basionym Smilax ovata Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 242 (1803) [wfo-0000741778] homotypic Smilax spinosa var. ovata (Duhamel) Poir. Encycl. 6: 467 (1805) [wfo-0000773541] synonym Smilax havanensis subvar. ovata (Poir.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 124 (1878) [wfo-0001369415] synonym Smilax havanensis subvar. ovata (Duhamel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 124 (1878) [wfo-0001369781] synonym Smilax havanensis subvar. poiretii (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 124 (1878) [wfo-0001369416] synonym Smilax havanensis var. vulgaris A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 122 (1878) [wfo-0000911085] synonym Smilax ovata Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 242 (1803) [wfo-0000741778]homotypic Smilax havanensis var. ovata (Duhamel) O.E.Schulz [wfo-0001040959] homotypic Smilax spinosa var. ovata (Duhamel) Poir. Encycl. 6: 467 (1805) [wfo-0000773541] synonym Smilax poiretii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 261 (1850) [wfo-0000741837] synonym Smilax spinosa var. ovata (Duhamel) Poir. Encycl. 6: 467 (1805) [wfo-0000773541]basionym Smilax ovata Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 242 (1803) [wfo-0000741778] homotypic Smilax havanensis var. ovata (Duhamel) O.E.Schulz [wfo-0001040959] S. hayatae T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000742662]basionym Smilax gracillima Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 259 (1911) [wfo-0000742635] synonym Smilax gracillima Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 259 (1911) [wfo-0000742635]homotypic Smilax hayatae T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000742662] S. hemsleyana Craib Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 409 (1912) [wfo-0000742665]homotypic Smilax zeylanica subsp. hemsleyana (Craib) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 218 (1975) [wfo-0000739266] synonym Smilax zeylanica subsp. hemsleyana (Craib) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 218 (1975) [wfo-0000739266]basionym Smilax hemsleyana Craib Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: 409 (1912) [wfo-0000742665] S. herbacea L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000742555]homotypic Coprosmanthus herbaceus (L.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643433] homotypic Nemexia herbacea (L.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701072] synonym Coprosmanthus consanguineus Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 268 (1850) [wfo-0000643411] synonym Coprosmanthus herbaceus (L.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643433]homotypic Nemexia herbacea (L.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701072] synonym Coprosmanthus peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 264 (1850) [wfo-0000643489]basionym Smilax peduncularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 786 (1806) [wfo-0000741866] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 51 (1878) [wfo-0000753169] synonym Nemexia herbacea (L.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701072]homotypic Coprosmanthus herbaceus (L.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643433] synonym Smilax herbacea subsp. crispifolia Pennell Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 62: 559 (1910) [wfo-0000753182] synonym Smilax herbacea var. humilis Farw. Rep. (Annual) Commiss. Parks Boulevards Detroit 11: 54 (1900) [wfo-0000753177] synonym Smilax herbacea var. latifolia House Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 26: 21 (1925) [wfo-0000753174] synonym Smilax herbacea var. peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 51 (1878) [wfo-0000753169]basionym Smilax peduncularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 786 (1806) [wfo-0000741866] homotypic Coprosmanthus peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 264 (1850) [wfo-0000643489] synonym Smilax herbacea var. simsii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 51 (1878) [wfo-0000753123] synonym Smilax longifolia P.Watson Dendrol. Brit. 2: t. 110 (1825) [wfo-0000742883] synonym Smilax peduncularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 786 (1806) [wfo-0000741866]homotypic Coprosmanthus peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 264 (1850) [wfo-0000643489] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. peduncularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 51 (1878) [wfo-0000753169] synonym Smilax watsonii Sweet Hort. Brit. : 414 (1826) [wfo-0000741996] S. hirtellicaulis C.Y.Wu & C.Chen ex P.Li Phytotaxa 275: 163 (2016) [wfo-0001346585] S. horridiramula Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 131 (1920) [wfo-0000742396] S. hugeri (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 420 (1916) [wfo-0000742453]basionym Nemexia hugeri Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701061] homotypic Smilax ecirrata var. hugeri (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753160] synonym Nemexia elliptica Raf. Autik. Bot. : 131 (1840) [wfo-0000701016] synonym Nemexia hugeri Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701061]homotypic Smilax ecirrata var. hugeri (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753160] homotypic Smilax hugeri (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 420 (1916) [wfo-0000742453] synonym Smilax ecirrata var. hugeri (Small) H.E.Ahles J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 80: 172 (1964) [wfo-0000753160]basionym Nemexia hugeri Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 280 (1903) [wfo-0000701061] homotypic Smilax hugeri (Small) J.B.Norton ex Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 420 (1916) [wfo-0000742453] S. hypoglauca Benth. Fl. Hongk. : 369 (1861) [wfo-0000742456]homotypic Smilax corbularia var. hypoglauca (Benth.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 15 (1960) [wfo-0000771134] synonym Smilax corbularia var. hypoglauca (Benth.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 15 (1960) [wfo-0000771134]basionym Smilax hypoglauca Benth. Fl. Hongk. : 369 (1861) [wfo-0000742456] S. ilicifolia Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000802543]homotypic Smilax coriacea var. ilicifolia (Desv.) O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 4: 150 (1903) [wfo-0000753132] synonym Smilax coriacea var. ilicifolia (Desv.) O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 4: 150 (1903) [wfo-0000753132]basionym Smilax ilicifolia Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000802543] S. indosinica T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 21 (1960) [wfo-0000742336]basionym Smilax brevipes T.Koyama Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 71: 305 (1958) [wfo-0000740772] synonym Smilax brevipes T.Koyama Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 71: 305 (1958) [wfo-0000740772]homotypic Smilax indosinica T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 21 (1960) [wfo-0000742336] S. irrorata Mart. ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 10 (1842) [wfo-0000742335]synonym Smilax benthamiana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 114 (1878) [wfo-0000740822] synonym Smilax riedeliana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 141 (1878) [wfo-0000741758] S. javensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 175 (1878) [wfo-0000742384]synonym Smilax javensis var. polyantha Hallier f. Nova Guinea 8: 993 (1914) [wfo-0000911087] S. kaniensis K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 563 (1925) [wfo-0000742467] S. keyensis Warb. ex K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 564 (1925) [wfo-0000742462] S. klotzschii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 245 (1850) [wfo-0000742559]synonym Smilax klotzschii var. angulosa A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 189 (1878) [wfo-0000773542] S. kwangsiensis F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 425 (1934) [wfo-0000742567]S. kwangsiensis var. setulosa F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254 (1978) [wfo-0001387332] S. laevis Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 56 (1878) [wfo-0000742570]synonym Smilax asiatica Kladwong, Chantar. & D.A.Simpson Thai Forest Bull., Bot. 46: 44 (2018) [wfo-1000007605] synonym Smilax laevis var. ophirensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 56 (1878) [wfo-0000753127] synonym Smilax laevis var. parkii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 57 (1878) [wfo-0000753126] synonym Smilax lanceifolia var. opaca A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 57 (1878) [wfo-0000753114]homotypic Smilax lanceifolia subsp. opaca (A.DC.) T.Koyama Fl. E. Himal. 2: 172 (1971) [wfo-0001073387] homotypic Smilax opaca (A.DC.) J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 11 (1916) [wfo-0000741817] synonym Smilax lanceifolia subsp. opaca (A.DC.) T.Koyama Fl. E. Himal. 2: 172 (1971) [wfo-0001073387]basionym Smilax lanceifolia var. opaca A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 57 (1878) [wfo-0000753114] homotypic Smilax opaca (A.DC.) J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 11 (1916) [wfo-0000741817] synonym Smilax opaca (A.DC.) J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 11 (1916) [wfo-0000741817]basionym Smilax lanceifolia var. opaca A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 57 (1878) [wfo-0000753114] homotypic Smilax lanceifolia subsp. opaca (A.DC.) T.Koyama Fl. E. Himal. 2: 172 (1971) [wfo-0001073387] synonym Smilax zeylanica var. penangensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 191 (1878) [wfo-0000773549] S. lanceifolia Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 792 (1832) [wfo-0000742571]S. lanceifolia var. elongata (Warb.) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 220 (1978) [wfo-0000739268]basionym Smilax microphylla var. elongata Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000771069] homotypic Smilax microphylla subsp. elongata (Warb.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 237 (1975) [wfo-0000739275] synonym Smilax austrosinensis F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 423 (1934) [wfo-0000740793] synonym Smilax microphylla subsp. elongata (Warb.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 237 (1975) [wfo-0000739275]basionym Smilax microphylla var. elongata Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000771069] homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. elongata (Warb.) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 220 (1978) [wfo-0000739268] synonym Smilax microphylla var. elongata Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000771069]homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. elongata (Warb.) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 220 (1978) [wfo-0000739268] homotypic Smilax microphylla subsp. elongata (Warb.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 237 (1975) [wfo-0000739275] synonym Smilax tortopetiolata H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 26 (1905) [wfo-0000741925] S. lanceifolia var. impressinervia (F.T.Wang & Tang) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771938]basionym Smilax impressinervia F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 425 (1934) [wfo-0000742363] synonym Smilax impressinervia F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 425 (1934) [wfo-0000742363]homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. impressinervia (F.T.Wang & Tang) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771938] S. lanceifolia var. lanceolata (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771936]basionym Smilax cocculoides var. lanceolata J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 11 (1916) [wfo-0000771937] synonym Smilax cocculoides var. lanceolata J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 11 (1916) [wfo-0000771937]homotypic Smilax lanceifolia var. lanceolata (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 26 (1960) [wfo-0000771936] S. lappacea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 777 (1806) [wfo-0000742576]synonym Smilax acanthophylla Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 114 (1831) [wfo-0000740723] S. lasioneura Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 173 (1838) [wfo-0000742514]homotypic Coprosmanthus lasioneuron (Hook.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643455] homotypic Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610 (1905) [wfo-0000701484] homotypic Smilax herbacea subsp. lasioneura (Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 30: 850 (1981) [wfo-0000739058] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hook.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000753175] synonym Coprosmanthus lasioneuron (Hook.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643455]basionym Smilax lasioneura Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 173 (1838) [wfo-0000742514] homotypic Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610 (1905) [wfo-0000701484] homotypic Smilax herbacea subsp. lasioneura (Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 30: 850 (1981) [wfo-0000739058] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hook.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000753175] synonym Nemexia diversifolia (Small) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701116]basionym Smilax diversifolia Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 607 (1898) [wfo-0000740626] synonym Nemexia herbacea subsp. melica A.Nelson Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 17: 175 (1904) [wfo-0000752719] synonym Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610 (1905) [wfo-0000701484]basionym Smilax lasioneura Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 173 (1838) [wfo-0000742514] homotypic Coprosmanthus lasioneuron (Hook.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643455] homotypic Smilax herbacea subsp. lasioneura (Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 30: 850 (1981) [wfo-0000739058] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hook.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000753175] synonym Nemexia melica A.Nelson Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 17: 175 (1904) [wfo-0000701932] synonym Nemexia tenuis (Small) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701841]basionym Smilax tenuis Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 607 (1898) [wfo-0000742308] synonym Smilax diversifolia Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 607 (1898) [wfo-0000740626]homotypic Nemexia diversifolia (Small) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701116] synonym Smilax herbacea var. inodora M.E.Jones Bot. Gaz. 4: 248 (1879) [wfo-0000753168] synonym Smilax herbacea subsp. lasioneura (Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 30: 850 (1981) [wfo-0000739058]basionym Smilax lasioneura Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 173 (1838) [wfo-0000742514] homotypic Coprosmanthus lasioneuron (Hook.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643455] homotypic Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610 (1905) [wfo-0000701484] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hook.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000753175] synonym Smilax herbacea var. lasioneuron (Hook.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 52 (1878) [wfo-0000753175]basionym Smilax lasioneura Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 173 (1838) [wfo-0000742514] homotypic Coprosmanthus lasioneuron (Hook.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 265 (1850) [wfo-0000643455] homotypic Nemexia lasioneura (Hook.) Rydb. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610 (1905) [wfo-0000701484] homotypic Smilax herbacea subsp. lasioneura (Hook.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Taxon 30: 850 (1981) [wfo-0000739058] synonym Smilax tenuis Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 607 (1898) [wfo-0000742308]homotypic Nemexia tenuis (Small) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701841] S. laurifolia L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000742669]homotypic Parillax laurifolia (L.) Raf. Neogenyton : 3 (1825) [wfo-0000715340] synonym Parillax laurifolia (L.) Raf. Neogenyton : 3 (1825) [wfo-0000715340] synonym Smilax alba Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 250 (1813) [wfo-0000740735] synonym Smilax hastata var. lanceolata (L.) Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 249 (1813) [wfo-0000753155] synonym Smilax lanceolata L. Sp. Pl. : 1031 (1753) [wfo-0000742573]homotypic Smilax hastata var. lanceolata (L.) Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 249 (1813) [wfo-0000753155] synonym Smilax laurifolia var. bupleurifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 99 (1878) [wfo-0000753133] synonym Smilax virginiana Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 9 (1768) [wfo-0000742006] S. lebrunii H.Lév. Fl. Kouy-Tchéou : 257 (1915) [wfo-0000742539]synonym Smilax megalantha var. asperata F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 114 (1934) [wfo-0000771933] S. leucophylla Blume Enum. Pl. Javae : 18 (1827) [wfo-0000742549]synonym Smilax dulcis Desf. Tabl. École Bot. : 218 (1804) [wfo-0000741821] synonym Smilax glycyphylla Hassk. Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 4 (1842) [wfo-0000742689] synonym Smilax latifolia Blanco Fl. Filip., ed. 2. : 548 (1845) [wfo-0000742485] synonym Smilax leucophylla var. retusa (Blume) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 250 (1850) [wfo-0000773889]basionym Smilax retusa Blume Enum. Pl. Javae : 18 (1827) [wfo-0000773890] synonym Smilax retusa Blume Enum. Pl. Javae : 18 (1827) [wfo-0000773890]homotypic Smilax leucophylla var. retusa (Blume) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 250 (1850) [wfo-0000773889] S. longiflora (K.Y.Guan & Noltie) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001424108]synonym Heterosmilax longiflora K.Y.Guan & Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 50: 59 (1993) [wfo-0000658659] S. longifolia Rich. Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 112 (1792) [wfo-0000742904]synonym Sarsaparilla acuminata (Willd.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713 (1891) [wfo-0000734194]basionym Smilax acuminata Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 779 (1806) [wfo-0000740744] synonym Smilax acuminata Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 779 (1806) [wfo-0000740744]homotypic Sarsaparilla acuminata (Willd.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 713 (1891) [wfo-0000734194] synonym Smilax flavescens Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000742589] synonym Smilax longifolia var. variegata B.S.Williams Choice Stove Orn.-Leav. Pl. : 294 (1870) [wfo-1200020618] synonym Smilax officinalis Poepp. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 150 (1878) [wfo-0000741823] synonym Smilax papyracea Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust. (Duhamel), nouv. éd. 1: 242. [wfo-0000741884] synonym Smilax syphilitica Mart. Reise Bras. 3: 1280 (1831) [wfo-0000742331] S. lunglingensis F.T.Wang & Tang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 86 (1936) [wfo-0000742858]synonym Smilax siderophylla Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 1224 (1936) [wfo-0000742266] S. lushuiensis S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 142 (1988) [wfo-0000739787] S. luzonensis C.Presl Reliq. Haenk. 1: 131 (1827) [wfo-0000742960]synonym Smilax helferi A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 176 (1878) [wfo-0000742664] synonym Smilax helferi var. maingayana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 176 (1878) [wfo-1200020565] synonym Smilax singaporensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 177 (1878) [wfo-0000742030] S. magnifolia J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 46 (1931) [wfo-0000742766] S. mairei H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 39 (1915) [wfo-0000742733] S. malipoensis S.C.Chen Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(3): 113 (1983) [wfo-0000738981] S. maritima Feay ex Alph.Wood Class-book Bot., ed. 1861: 702 (1861) [wfo-0000839203]basionym Smilax ovata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 249 (1813) [wfo-0000741776] synonym Smilax cinnamomifolia Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 609 (1898) [wfo-0000740555] synonym Smilax ovata Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 249 (1813) [wfo-0000741776]homotypic Smilax maritima Feay ex Alph.Wood Class-book Bot., ed. 1861: 702 (1861) [wfo-0000839203] synonym Smilax ovata var. buckleyi A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 81 (1878) [wfo-0000753144] synonym Smilax smallii Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 430 (1894) [wfo-0000742050] S. maypurensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 776 (1806) [wfo-0000742765] S. megalantha C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 118 (1895) [wfo-0000742716]synonym Smilax cinerea Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 258 (1900) [wfo-0000741426] synonym Smilax loupouensis H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 38 (1915) [wfo-0000742914] synonym Smilax megalantha var. alata F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 113 (1934) [wfo-0000773891] synonym Smilax tortuosa Diels Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 297 (1912) [wfo-0000741926] S. melanocarpa Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 9: 229 (1916) [wfo-0000742695] S. melastomifolia Sm. Cycl. 33: n.° 5 (1816) [wfo-0000742706]synonym Pleiosmilax menziesii Seem. J. Bot. 6: 194 (1868) [wfo-0000717955] synonym Pleiosmilax sandwicensis (Kunth) Seem. J. Bot. 6: 193 (1868) [wfo-0000718577] synonym Smilax hawaiensis Seem. Fl. Vit. : 309 (1868) [wfo-0000742661] synonym Smilax sandwicensis Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 253 (1850) [wfo-0001072926] S. menispermoidea A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 108 (1878) [wfo-0000742709]synonym Smilax luteocaulis H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 339 (1914) [wfo-0000742862] synonym Smilax rubriflora Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 9: 21 (1928) [wfo-0000741733] S. micrandra (T.Koyama) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001424109]synonym Heterosmilax micrandra T.Koyama Brittonia 36: 201 (1984) [wfo-0000658670] S. micrantha Blume Enum. Pl. Javae : 18 (1827) [wfo-0000742712]homotypic Heterosmilax micrantha (Blume) Bakh.f. Blumea 6: 400 (1950) [wfo-0000658681] synonym Heterosmilax japonica var. javanica A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 43 (1878) [wfo-0000773837] synonym Heterosmilax micrantha (Blume) Bakh.f. Blumea 6: 400 (1950) [wfo-0000658681]basionym Smilax micrantha Blume Enum. Pl. Javae : 18 (1827) [wfo-0000742712] S. microdontus Z.S.Sun & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 212: 209 (2015) [wfo-0001342659] S. microphylla C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 117 (1895) [wfo-0000742768]homotypic Smilax elegans subsp. microphylla (C.H.Wright) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 158 (1994) [wfo-0000739328] synonym Smilax castaneiflora H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 25: 39 (1915) [wfo-0000740576] synonym Smilax elegans subsp. microphylla (C.H.Wright) Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 158 (1994) [wfo-0000739328]basionym Smilax microphylla C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 117 (1895) [wfo-0000742768] synonym Smilax gracillima H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 26 (1905) [wfo-0000742679] synonym Smilax labordei H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 27 (1905) [wfo-0000742579] synonym Smilax microphylla var. angustifolia Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000911088] S. mollis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 785 (1806) [wfo-0000742798]synonym Smilax angustiflora A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 67 (1878) [wfo-0000740695] synonym Smilax candelariae A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 70 (1878) [wfo-0000740561] synonym Smilax gentlei Lundell Wrightia 3: 163 (1966) [wfo-0000742672] synonym Smilax gymnopoda F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 401 (1922) [wfo-0000742652] synonym Smilax hirsutior (Killip & C.V.Morton) C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 307 (1962) [wfo-0000742420]basionym Smilax mollis var. hirsutior Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 288 (1936) [wfo-0000753116] synonym Smilax mollis var. acuminata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 68 (1878) [wfo-0000753120] synonym Smilax mollis var. congestiflora C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 301 (1962) [wfo-0000753117] synonym Smilax mollis var. hirsutior Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 288 (1936) [wfo-0000753116]homotypic Smilax hirsutior (Killip & C.V.Morton) C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 307 (1962) [wfo-0000742420] synonym Smilax mollis var. pavonia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 68 1878 [wfo-0001233609] synonym Smilax mollis var. pavoniana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 68 (1878) [wfo-0000753115]homotypic Smilax pavoniana (A.DC.) F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 400 (1922) [wfo-0000741864] synonym Smilax mollis var. villosa C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 301 (1962) [wfo-0000753140] synonym Smilax ovata Sessé & Moc. Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 232 (1894) [wfo-0000741779] synonym Smilax pavoniana (A.DC.) F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 400 (1922) [wfo-0000741864]basionym Smilax mollis var. pavoniana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 68 (1878) [wfo-0000753115] synonym Smilax pringlei Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 34: 567 (1899) [wfo-0000741751] synonym Smilax triplinervia Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. : 251 (1866) [wfo-0000741919] synonym Smilax triplinervia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 784 (1806) [wfo-0000741932] synonym Smilax uruapensis Sessé & Moc. Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 232 (1894) [wfo-0000741895] S. moranensis M.Martens & Galeotti Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 9(2): 389 (1842) [wfo-0000742803]synonym Smilax acutifolia Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 449 (1844) [wfo-0000740729] synonym Smilax botterii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 89 (1878) [wfo-0000740745]homotypic Smilax jalapensis var. botterii (A.DC.) Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 280 (1936) [wfo-0000753128] synonym Smilax cordifolia var. papantlae A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 84 (1878) [wfo-0000753343] synonym Smilax cordifolia var. schiedeana (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 84 (1878) [wfo-0000753316]basionym Smilax schiedeana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 236 (1850) [wfo-0000742150] synonym Smilax densiflora A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 88 (1878) [wfo-0000740602] synonym Smilax densiflora var. christmarensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 89 (1878) [wfo-0000753165] synonym Smilax erythrocarpa Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 234 (1850) [wfo-0000742616] synonym Smilax glaucocarpos Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 450 (1844) [wfo-0000742684] synonym Smilax invenusta Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 234 (1850) [wfo-0000742352] synonym Smilax invenusta var. armata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 91 (1878) [wfo-0000753129] synonym Smilax jalapensis Schltdl. Linnaea 18: 451 (1844) [wfo-0000742365] synonym Smilax jalapensis var. botterii (A.DC.) Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 280 (1936) [wfo-0000753128]basionym Smilax botterii A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 89 (1878) [wfo-0000740745] synonym Smilax jalapensis var. inermis F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 403 (1922) [wfo-0000770343] synonym Smilax moranensis f. hispida C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 306 (1962) [wfo-0000753143] synonym Smilax moranensis var. mexiae Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 278 (1936) [wfo-0000753125] synonym Smilax moranensis var. schaffneriana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 88 (1878) [wfo-0000753148]homotypic Smilax schaffneriana (A.DC.) F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 408 (1922) [wfo-0000753225] synonym Smilax schaffneriana (A.DC.) F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 408 (1922) [wfo-0000753225]basionym Smilax moranensis var. schaffneriana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 88 (1878) [wfo-0000753148] synonym Smilax schiedeana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 236 (1850) [wfo-0000742150]homotypic Smilax cordifolia var. schiedeana (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 84 (1878) [wfo-0000753316] synonym Smilax sylvatica Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 234 (1850) [wfo-0000742327] synonym Smilax xalapensis Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 258 (1850) [wfo-0000742004] S. munita S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739430]basionym Smilax rigida Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5120. [1831-32] [wfo-0000741774] homotypic Smilax hajrae R.C.Srivast. Fl. Sikkim 1: 164 (1996) [wfo-0000739741] synonym Smilax hajrae R.C.Srivast. Fl. Sikkim 1: 164 (1996) [wfo-0000739741]basionym Smilax rigida Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5120. [1831-32] [wfo-0000741774] homotypic Smilax munita S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739430] synonym Smilax myrtillus var. rigida Noltie Edinburgh J. Bot. 51: 160 (1994) [wfo-0000739329] synonym Smilax rigida Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5120. [1831-32] [wfo-0000741774]homotypic Smilax hajrae R.C.Srivast. Fl. Sikkim 1: 164 (1996) [wfo-0000739741] homotypic Smilax munita S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739430] synonym Smilax rigida Wall. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 164 (1850) [wfo-1000041332] S. muscosa Toledo Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 26 (1946) [wfo-0000742819] S. myrtillus A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 106 (1878) [wfo-0000742776]homotypic Smilax rigida subsp. myrtillus (A.DC.) Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0000739309] homotypic Smilax rigida var. myrtillus (A.DC.) T.Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0001232249] synonym Smilax myrtillus var. dulongensis H.Li Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 19 (1992) [wfo-0000739859] synonym Smilax rigida subsp. myrtillus (A.DC.) Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0000739309]basionym Smilax myrtillus A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 106 (1878) [wfo-0000742776] homotypic Smilax rigida var. myrtillus (A.DC.) T.Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0001232249] synonym Smilax rigida var. myrtillus (A.DC.) T.Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0001232249]basionym Smilax myrtillus A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 106 (1878) [wfo-0000742776] homotypic Smilax rigida subsp. myrtillus (A.DC.) Koyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 173 (1971) [wfo-0000739309] S. nana F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 116 (1934) [wfo-0000742801] S. neocaledonica Schltr. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 31 (1906) [wfo-0000742771] S. neocyclophylla I.M.Turner Ann. Bot. Fenn. 51: 308 (2014) [wfo-0001341010]synonym Smilax cyclophylla Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 257 (1900) [wfo-0000740683] S. nervo-marginata Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 361 (1911) [wfo-0000742784]synonym Smilax liukiuensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 360 (1911) [wfo-0000742551]homotypic Smilax nervo-marginata var. liukiuensis (Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 217 (1978) [wfo-0000739276] synonym Smilax nervo-marginata var. liukiuensis (Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 217 (1978) [wfo-0000739276]basionym Smilax liukiuensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 360 (1911) [wfo-0000742551] synonym Smilax sempervirens F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 116 (1934) [wfo-0000742130] S. nigrescans F.T.Wang & Tang Acta Phytotax. Sin. 11: 253 (1966) [wfo-0000742767] S. nipponica Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000742778]homotypic Coprosmanthus nipponicus (Miq.) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 260 (1939) [wfo-0000643466] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. nipponica (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753173] synonym Coprosmanthus nipponicus (Miq.) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 260 (1939) [wfo-0000643466]basionym Smilax nipponica Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000742778] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. nipponica (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753173] synonym Coprosmanthus simadai (Masam.) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000643511]basionym Smilax simadai Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 270 (1939) [wfo-0000742044] synonym Smilax herbacea var. higoensis (Miq.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 7: 135 (1893) [wfo-1200020606] synonym Smilax herbacea var. intermedia C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 97 (1903) [wfo-0000753176] synonym Smilax herbacea var. nipponica (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753173]basionym Smilax nipponica Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000742778] homotypic Coprosmanthus nipponicus (Miq.) Koidz. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 8: 260 (1939) [wfo-0000643466] synonym Smilax herbacea var. oblonga C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98 (1903) [wfo-0000753171]homotypic Smilax oblonga (C.H.Wright) Norton Gentes Herbarum 1: 15 (1920) [wfo-0000742782] synonym Smilax higoensis Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 88 (1868) [wfo-0000742407] synonym Smilax longipedunculata Merr. Sunyatsenia 1: 190 (1934) [wfo-0000742947] synonym Smilax nipponica var. angustifolia Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 9 (1930) [wfo-1200020650] synonym Smilax nipponica f. grandifolia H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 150 (1958) [wfo-1200072792] synonym Smilax nipponica var. higoensis (Miq.) Makino J. Jap. Bot. 6(8): 17 (1930) [wfo-1200020524] synonym Smilax nipponica var. manshurica (Kitag.) Kitag. J. Jap. Bot. 25: 45 (1950) [wfo-0000771785]basionym Smilax nipponica subsp. manshurica Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 102 (1940) [wfo-0000771784] synonym Smilax nipponica subsp. manshurica Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 102 (1940) [wfo-0000771784]homotypic Smilax nipponica var. manshurica (Kitag.) Kitag. J. Jap. Bot. 25: 45 (1950) [wfo-0000771785] synonym Smilax oblonga (C.H.Wright) Norton Gentes Herbarum 1: 15 (1920) [wfo-0000742782]basionym Smilax herbacea var. oblonga C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98 (1903) [wfo-0000753171] synonym Smilax oldhamii f. angustifolia (Koidz.) Ohwi Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 63 (1953) [wfo-1200072791] synonym Smilax oldhamii var. higoensis (Miq.) Ohwi Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 33: 63 (1953) [wfo-1200020690] synonym Smilax oldhamii f. higoensis (Miq.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 7 (1957) [wfo-1200073259] synonym Smilax oldhamii f. subtrifoliata Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 45: 421 (1931) [wfo-1200072789] synonym Smilax oldhamii f. tenuifolia Hisauti J. Jap. Bot. 16: 565 (1940) [wfo-1200072790] synonym Smilax simadai Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 270 (1939) [wfo-0000742044]homotypic Coprosmanthus simadai (Masam.) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000643511] S. nova-guineensis T.Koyama Makinoa, n.s., 1: 76 (2001) [wfo-0000739942] S. obliquata Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust., nouv. éd., 1: 242 (1803) [wfo-0000742781] S. oblongata Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. : 59 (1788) [wfo-0000742522]synonym Smilax cumanensis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 783 (1806) [wfo-0000740691] synonym Smilax cumanensis var. infesta O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 36 (1904) [wfo-0000753166] synonym Smilax globifera G.Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. : 281 (1818) [wfo-0000742686] synonym Smilax globulifera Splitg. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 119 (1878) [wfo-0000742687] synonym Smilax hostmanniana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 170 (1850) [wfo-0000742448] synonym Smilax oblongata var. viscifolia O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 43 (1904) [wfo-0000753147] synonym Smilax pirarensis Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 165 (1850) [wfo-0000741870] synonym Smilax surinamensis Miq. Linnaea 17: 63 (1843) [wfo-0000742322] S. oblongifolia Pohl ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 13 (1842) [wfo-0000741747]synonym Smilax coriifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 112 (1878) [wfo-0000740685] S. ocreata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 191 (1878) [wfo-0000741808]synonym Smilax perulata H.Lév. & Vaniot Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 78 (1910) [wfo-0000741875] S. officinalis Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 271 (1816) [wfo-0000741814]synonym Smilax barbillana Cufod. Arch. Bot. Sist. 9: 186 (1933) [wfo-0000740809] synonym Smilax bernhardii F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 418 (1922) [wfo-0000740829] synonym Smilax chiriquensis C.V.Morton Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29: 326 (1942) [wfo-0000741788] synonym Smilax gilgiana F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 417 (1922) [wfo-0000742677] synonym Smilax standleyi Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 280 (1936) [wfo-0000742113] synonym Smilax tonduzii F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 414 (1922) [wfo-0000742021] synonym Smilax vanilliodora F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 416 (1922) [wfo-0000741918] S. orbiculata Labill. Sert. Austro-Caledon. 1: 18 (1824) [wfo-0000741818] S. ornata Lem. Ill. Hort. 12: t. 439 (1865) [wfo-0000741820]synonym Smilax grandifolia Regel Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1856: 16 (1856) [wfo-0000742640]homotypic Smilax regelii Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 272 (1936) [wfo-0000741715] synonym Smilax regelii Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 272 (1936) [wfo-0000741715]basionym Smilax grandifolia Regel Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1856: 16 (1856) [wfo-0000742640] synonym Smilax regelii var. albida Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 273 (1936) [wfo-0000753135]homotypic Smilax regelii f. albida (Killip & C.V.Morton) Standl. & Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 98 (1952) [wfo-0000753136] synonym Smilax regelii f. albida (Killip & C.V.Morton) Standl. & Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(3): 98 (1952) [wfo-0000753136]basionym Smilax regelii var. albida Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 273 (1936) [wfo-0000753135] synonym Smilax utilis Hemsl. Hooker's Icon. Pl. 26: t. 2589 (1899) [wfo-0000741898] S. orthoptera A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 192 (1878) [wfo-0000742310]homotypic Smilax roxburghiana Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 311 (1892) [wfo-0000741769] synonym Smilax roxburghiana Wall. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 311 (1892) [wfo-0000741769]basionym Smilax orthoptera A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 192 (1878) [wfo-0000742310] S. outanscianensis Pamp. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 18: 109 (1911) [wfo-0000742507]synonym Smilax discotis subsp. concolor (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3(4): 157 (1977) [wfo-0000739267]basionym Smilax discotis var. concolor J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 6 (1916) [wfo-0000739852] synonym Smilax discotis var. concolor J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 6 (1916) [wfo-0000739852]homotypic Smilax discotis subsp. concolor (J.B.Norton) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3(4): 157 (1977) [wfo-0000739267] S. ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 49 (1825) [wfo-0000741815]synonym Smilax columnifera Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 49 (1825) [wfo-0000740570] synonym Smilax grandifolia Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. : 648 (1845) [wfo-0000742647] synonym Smilax grandis Wall. ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. : 649 (1845) [wfo-0000742648] synonym Smilax macrophylla Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 793 (1832) [wfo-0000742722] synonym Smilax ovalifolia var. parvigloba A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 200 (1878) [wfo-0000741785] synonym Smilax ovalifolia var. polystemon A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 200 (1878) [wfo-0000773547] synonym Smilax retusa Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 793 (1832) [wfo-0000741755] synonym Smilax roxburghii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 852 (1850) [wfo-0000741770] S. ovato-lanceolata T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 36 (1960) [wfo-0000741780] S. pachysandroides T.Koyama Brittonia 26: 136 (1974) [wfo-0000741794]synonym Smilax umbrosa J.M.Xu Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(2): 67 (1986) [wfo-0000739820] S. paniculata (Gagnep.) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0000770344]synonym Heterosmilax paniculata Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 69 (1934) [wfo-0000658692] S. perfoliata Lour. Fl. Cochinch. : 622 (1790) [wfo-0000741873]synonym Smilax annamensis Rendle J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 4: 124 (1921) [wfo-0000740696] S. pertenuis T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 38 (1960) [wfo-0000741874]homotypic Heterosmilax pertenuis (T.Koyama) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 250 (1975) [wfo-0000658703] synonym Heterosmilax pertenuis (T.Koyama) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 250 (1975) [wfo-0000658703]basionym Smilax pertenuis T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 38 (1960) [wfo-0000741874] S. petelotii T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3: 160 (1977) [wfo-0000741877]synonym Smilax planipes F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000741828] S. pilcomayensis Guagl. & Gattuso Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 27: 118 (1991) [wfo-0000739875] S. pinfaensis H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 27 (1905) [wfo-0000741872] S. poilanei Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 73 (1934) [wfo-0000741825] S. polyacantha Wall. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 239 (1850) [wfo-0000741838] S. polyandra (Gagnep.) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001424110]synonym Heterosmilax polyandra Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 70 (1934) [wfo-0000658714] S. polyantha Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 8 (1842) [wfo-0000741839]synonym Smilax macropoda A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 115 (1878) [wfo-0000742724] synonym Smilax medicinalis S.Moore Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4: 496 (1895) [wfo-0000742699] S. populnea Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 192 (1850) [wfo-0000741847]synonym Smilax populnea var. horrida O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 44 (1904) [wfo-0000753139] S. pottingeri Prain J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69: 174 (1900) [wfo-0000741848]homotypic Heterosmilax pottingeri (Prain) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 245 (1978) [wfo-0000658725] synonym Heterosmilax pottingeri (Prain) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 245 (1978) [wfo-0000658725]basionym Smilax pottingeri Prain J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69: 174 (1900) [wfo-0000741848] synonym Smilax jiankunii H.Li Acta Bot. Yunnan., Suppl. 5: 21 (1992) [wfo-0000739861] S. pseudochina L. Sp. Pl. : 1031 (1753) [wfo-0000741721]synonym Coprosmanthus tamnifolius (Michx.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 267 (1850) [wfo-0000643522]basionym Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000742281] homotypic Nemexia tamnifolia (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701850] synonym Nemexia leptanthera (Pennell) Small Man. S.E. Fl. : 311 (1933) [wfo-0000701943]basionym Smilax leptanthera Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 412 (1916) [wfo-0000742544] synonym Nemexia tamnifolia (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701850]basionym Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000742281] homotypic Coprosmanthus tamnifolius (Michx.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 267 (1850) [wfo-0000643522] synonym Smilax farinosa Raf. Autik. Bot. : 129 (1840) [wfo-0000742582] synonym Smilax hederifolia Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 12 (1768) [wfo-0000742663] synonym Smilax inermis Walter Fl. Carol. : 244 (1788) [wfo-0000742337] synonym Smilax leptanthera Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 412 (1916) [wfo-0000742544]homotypic Nemexia leptanthera (Pennell) Small Man. S.E. Fl. : 311 (1933) [wfo-0000701943] synonym Smilax pandurata Raf. Autik. Bot. : 127 (1840) [wfo-0000741799] synonym Smilax tamnifolia Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000742281]homotypic Coprosmanthus tamnifolius (Michx.) Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 267 (1850) [wfo-0000643522] homotypic Nemexia tamnifolia (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701850] S. pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000741722]homotypic Nemexia pulverulenta (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701909] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta (Michx.) A.Gray Manual, ed. 2: 463 (1856) [wfo-0000753235] synonym Nemexia pulverulenta (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701909]basionym Smilax pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000741722] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta (Michx.) A.Gray Manual, ed. 2: 463 (1856) [wfo-0000753235] synonym Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta (Michx.) A.Gray Manual, ed. 2: 463 (1856) [wfo-0000753235]basionym Smilax pulverulenta Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000741722] homotypic Nemexia pulverulenta (Michx.) Small Fl. S.E. U.S. : 281 (1903) [wfo-0000701909] S. pumila Walter Fl. Carol. : 244 (1788) [wfo-0000741700]homotypic Parillax pumila (Walter) Raf. Neogenyton : 3 (1825) [wfo-0000714849] synonym Parillax pumila (Walter) Raf. Neogenyton : 3 (1825) [wfo-0000714849]basionym Smilax pumila Walter Fl. Carol. : 244 (1788) [wfo-0000741700] synonym Smilax humilis Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 11 (1768) [wfo-0000742454] synonym Smilax pubera Michx. Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 238 (1803) [wfo-0000741707] synonym Smilax puberula Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 193 (1850) [wfo-0000741704] S. purhampuy Ruiz Mem. Raiz Purhampuy : 65 (1821) [wfo-0000741701]synonym Smilax febrifuga Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 201 (1850) [wfo-0000742583] synonym Smilax febrifuga var. aequatoris A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 159 (1878) [wfo-0000753159] synonym Smilax graciliflora A.C.Sm. J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 291 (1939) [wfo-0000742650] synonym Smilax grandifolia Poepp. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 142 (1878) [wfo-0000742642] synonym Smilax insignis Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 200 (1850) [wfo-0000742341] synonym Smilax macrophylla Poepp. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 142 (1878) [wfo-0000742718] synonym Smilax panamensis Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 441 (1894) [wfo-0000741797] synonym Smilax poeppigii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 192 (1850) [wfo-0000741849] synonym Smilax ramonensis F.W.Apt Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 405 (1922) [wfo-0000741712] synonym Smilax ruiziana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 200 (1850) [wfo-0000741737] S. pygmaea Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 339 (1910) [wfo-0000741716]synonym Smilax glaucophylla var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000773892]basionym Smilax randaiensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 362 (1911) [wfo-0000741713] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea subsp. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3: 160 (1977) [wfo-0000739269] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 32 (1960) [wfo-0000739831] synonym Smilax menispermoidea subsp. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3: 160 (1977) [wfo-0000739269]basionym Smilax randaiensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 362 (1911) [wfo-0000741713] homotypic Smilax glaucophylla var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000773892] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 32 (1960) [wfo-0000739831] synonym Smilax menispermoidea var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 32 (1960) [wfo-0000739831]basionym Smilax randaiensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 362 (1911) [wfo-0000741713] homotypic Smilax glaucophylla var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000773892] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea subsp. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3: 160 (1977) [wfo-0000739269] synonym Smilax randaiensis Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 362 (1911) [wfo-0000741713]homotypic Smilax glaucophylla var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000773892] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea subsp. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, B 3: 160 (1977) [wfo-0000739269] homotypic Smilax menispermoidea var. randaiensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 32 (1960) [wfo-0000739831] S. quadrumbellata T.Koyama J. Jap. Bot. 42: 189 (1967) [wfo-0000741709] S. quinquenervia Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 108 (1831) [wfo-0000741710]synonym Smilax officinalis Griseb. Fl. Bras. 2(1): 6 (1842) [wfo-0000741804] synonym Smilax pohliana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 228 (1850) [wfo-0000741835] synonym Smilax procera Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 6 (1842) [wfo-0000741699] synonym Smilax tijucensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 94 (1878) [wfo-0000742303] synonym Smilax tijucensis var. gardneriana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 94 (1878) [wfo-0000753249] synonym Smilax tijucensis var. pohliana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 94 (1878) [wfo-0000753248] S. remotinervis Hand.-Mazz. Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 79(1): 224 (1908) [wfo-0000741738] S. retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739429]basionym Smilax aberrans var. retroflexa F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254 (1978) [wfo-0000739192] homotypic Smilax aberrans subsp. retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 82 (1983) [wfo-0000739064] synonym Smilax aberrans subsp. retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 82 (1983) [wfo-0000739064]basionym Smilax aberrans var. retroflexa F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254 (1978) [wfo-0000739192] homotypic Smilax retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739429] synonym Smilax aberrans var. retroflexa F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 254 (1978) [wfo-0000739192]homotypic Smilax aberrans subsp. retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) T.Koyama Fl. Camb., Laos & Vietn. 20: 82 (1983) [wfo-0000739064] homotypic Smilax retroflexa (F.T.Wang & Tang) S.C.Chen Acta Phytotax. Sin. 34: 436 (1996) [wfo-0000739429] S. riparia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 55 (1878) [wfo-0000741749]S. riparia var. acuminata (C.H.Wright) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192 (1978) [wfo-0000739282]basionym Smilax herbacea var. acuminata C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 97 (1903) [wfo-0000753180] synonym Smilax herbacea var. acuminata C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 97 (1903) [wfo-0000753180]homotypic Smilax riparia var. acuminata (C.H.Wright) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192 (1978) [wfo-0000739282] S. riparia var. pubescens (C.H.Wright) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192 (1978) [wfo-0000739249]basionym Smilax herbacea var. pubescens C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98 (1903) [wfo-0000753149] synonym Smilax herbacea var. pubescens C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 98 (1903) [wfo-0000753149]homotypic Smilax riparia var. pubescens (C.H.Wright) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 192 (1978) [wfo-0000739249] S. riparia var. riparia Unknown [wfo-0000773548]synonym Coprosmanthus oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 325 (1939) [wfo-0000771790]basionym Smilax herbacea var. daibuensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 131 (1920) [wfo-0000771789] homotypic Coprosmanthus pseudochina var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000771791] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 6 (1957) [wfo-0000771794] synonym Coprosmanthus pseudochina var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000771791]basionym Smilax herbacea var. daibuensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 131 (1920) [wfo-0000771789] homotypic Coprosmanthus oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 325 (1939) [wfo-0000771790] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 6 (1957) [wfo-0000771794] synonym Coprosmanthus pseudochinus Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 341 (1939) [wfo-0000643500] synonym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787]homotypic Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796] homotypic Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081] homotypic Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786] synonym Smilax flaccida C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 118 (1895) [wfo-0000742598]homotypic Smilax herbacea var. flaccida (C.H.Wright) Norton ex L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 15 (1920) [wfo-0000753178] synonym Smilax herbacea var. angusta C.H.Wright J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36: 97 (1903) [wfo-0000753179] synonym Smilax herbacea var. daibuensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 131 (1920) [wfo-0000771789]homotypic Coprosmanthus oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 325 (1939) [wfo-0000771790] homotypic Coprosmanthus pseudochina var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000771791] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 6 (1957) [wfo-0000771794] synonym Smilax herbacea var. flaccida (C.H.Wright) Norton ex L.H.Bailey Gentes Herbarum 1: 15 (1920) [wfo-0000753178]basionym Smilax flaccida C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 118 (1895) [wfo-0000742598] synonym Smilax herbacea var. foetida H.Lév. Liliac. & C.Chine : 23 (1905) [wfo-0000771926] synonym Smilax herbacea var. heterophylla H.Lév. Liliac. & C.Chine : 23 (1905) [wfo-0000771927] synonym Smilax herbacea var. lancilimba Merr. Lingnan Sci. J. 5: 48 (1928) [wfo-0000753185] synonym Smilax higoensis var. maximowiczii (Koidz.) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771793]basionym Smilax maximowiczii Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 10 (1930) [wfo-0000742764] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda f. maximowiczii (Koidz.) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771795] synonym Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792]basionym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796] homotypic Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081] homotypic Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786] synonym Smilax maximowiczii Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 10 (1930) [wfo-0000742764]homotypic Smilax higoensis var. maximowiczii (Koidz.) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771793] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda f. maximowiczii (Koidz.) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771795] synonym Smilax oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 6 (1957) [wfo-0000771794]basionym Smilax herbacea var. daibuensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 131 (1920) [wfo-0000771789] homotypic Coprosmanthus oldhamii var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 325 (1939) [wfo-0000771790] homotypic Coprosmanthus pseudochina var. daibuensis (Hayata) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000771791] synonym Smilax oldhamii var. sadoensis (Honda) Satomi Hokuriku J. Bot. 6: 28 (1957) [wfo-1200020666] synonym Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145]basionym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787] homotypic Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796] homotypic Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081] homotypic Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786] synonym Smilax ovato-rotunda Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 133 (1920) [wfo-0000741781]homotypic Smilax riparia f. ovatorotunda (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 40 (1960) [wfo-0000773893] synonym Smilax ovatorotunda f. maximowiczii (Koidz.) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771795]basionym Smilax maximowiczii Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 10 (1930) [wfo-0000742764] homotypic Smilax higoensis var. maximowiczii (Koidz.) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771793] synonym Smilax ovatorotunda f. sadoensis (Honda) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000773900]basionym Smilax sadoensis Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 65: 168 (1952) [wfo-0000741748] homotypic Smilax riparia f. sadoensis (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 42 (1960) [wfo-0000773901] synonym Smilax ovatorotunda f. stenophylla H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771797]homotypic Smilax riparia f. stenophylla (H.Hara) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 42 (1960) [wfo-0000771798] synonym Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796]basionym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787] homotypic Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145] homotypic Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081] homotypic Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786] synonym Smilax riparia f. ovatorotunda (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 40 (1960) [wfo-0000773893]basionym Smilax ovato-rotunda Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 133 (1920) [wfo-0000741781] synonym Smilax riparia f. sadoensis (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 42 (1960) [wfo-0000773901]basionym Smilax sadoensis Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 65: 168 (1952) [wfo-0000741748] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda f. sadoensis (Honda) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000773900] synonym Smilax riparia f. stenophylla (H.Hara) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 42 (1960) [wfo-0000771798]basionym Smilax ovatorotunda f. stenophylla H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771797] synonym Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081]basionym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787] homotypic Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796] homotypic Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786] synonym Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara & T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 41 (1960) [wfo-0000771786]basionym Smilax excelsa f. ussuriensis Regel Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 4(4): 150 (1861) [wfo-0000771787] homotypic Smilax higoensis var. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 4: 103 (1940) [wfo-0000771792] homotypic Smilax oldhamii var. ussuriensis (Regel) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 54 (1878) [wfo-0000753145] homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda var. ussuriensis (Regel) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771796] homotypic Smilax riparia subsp. ussuriensis (Regel) Kitag. Neolin. Fl. Manshur. : 182 (1979) [wfo-0000739081] synonym Smilax sadoensis Honda Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 65: 168 (1952) [wfo-0000741748]homotypic Smilax ovatorotunda f. sadoensis (Honda) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000773900] homotypic Smilax riparia f. sadoensis (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 42 (1960) [wfo-0000773901] synonym Smilax takaoensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 135 (1920) [wfo-0000742321] S. rotundifolia L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000741767]synonym Smilax caduca L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000740659]homotypic Smilax rotundifolia var. caduca (L.) Prov. Fl. Canad. [Provancher] 2: 589 1863 [wfo-0000753190] synonym Smilax ciliata Steud. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 74 (1878) [wfo-0000740552] synonym Smilax deltifolia Raf. Autik. Bot. : 127 (1840) [wfo-0000740598] synonym Smilax deltifolia var. compressa Raf. Autik. Bot. : 127 (1840) [wfo-0000773519] synonym Smilax engelmanniana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 221 (1850) [wfo-0000742612]homotypic Smilax rotundifolia var. engelmanniana (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 76 (1878) [wfo-0000753233] synonym Smilax platoplis Raf. Autik. Bot. : 126 (1840) [wfo-0000741829] synonym Smilax quadrangularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 775 (1806) [wfo-0000741705]homotypic Smilax rotundifolia var. quadrangularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph.Wood Class-book Bot., ed. 2a: 544 (1847) [wfo-0000753230] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. caduca (L.) Prov. Fl. Canad. [Provancher] 2: 589 1863 [wfo-0000753190] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. crenulata Small & A.Heller Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 3(1): 17 (1892) [wfo-0000753184] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. engelmanniana (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 76 (1878) [wfo-0000753233]basionym Smilax engelmanniana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 221 (1850) [wfo-0000742612] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. missourensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 75 (1878) [wfo-0000753232] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. parviflora A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 76 (1878) [wfo-0000753231] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. quadrangularis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Alph.Wood Class-book Bot., ed. 2a: 544 (1847) [wfo-0000753230]basionym Smilax quadrangularis Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 775 (1806) [wfo-0000741705] synonym Smilax rotundifolia var. sprengelii (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 75 (1878) [wfo-0000753229]basionym Smilax sprengelii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 207 (1850) [wfo-0000742092] synonym Smilax sprengelii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 207 (1850) [wfo-0000742092]homotypic Smilax rotundifolia var. sprengelii (Kunth) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 75 (1878) [wfo-0000753229] synonym Smilax tetragona M.Martens & Galeotti Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 9(2): 390 (1842) [wfo-0000742293] S. roxburghiana Wall. ex A.DC. Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 7: 314 (1836) [wfo-0000915255]homotypic Smilax oxyphylla Wall. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 238 (1850) [wfo-0000741775] synonym Smilax laurifolia Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. 1832. 3: 793 (1832) [wfo-0000742466] synonym Smilax oxyphylla Wall. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 238 (1850) [wfo-0000741775]basionym Smilax roxburghiana Wall. ex A.DC. Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 7: 314 (1836) [wfo-0000915255] S. rubromarginata K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59: 566 (1925) [wfo-0000741734] S. sailenii Sarma, Baruah & Borthakur Taiwania 63: 32 (2018) [wfo-1000007607] S. salicifolia Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 19 (1842) [wfo-0000741741]synonym Smilax longifolia Lem. Ill. Hort. 45: t. 521 (1867) [wfo-0000742838] S. santaremensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 115 (1878) [wfo-0000741744]synonym Smilax santaremensis var. subarmata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 116 (1878) [wfo-0000753227] S. schomburgkiana Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 187 (1850) [wfo-0000742164]synonym Smilax immersa A.C.Sm. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67: 284 (1940) [wfo-0000742460] synonym Smilax latipes Gleason Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 56: 19 (1929) [wfo-0000742493] synonym Smilax pseudosyphilitica Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 188 (1850) [wfo-0000753138]basionym Smilax syphilitica Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 20 (1842) [wfo-0000742332] synonym Smilax pseudosyphilitica var. foliosa A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 157 (1878) [wfo-0000753137] synonym Smilax schomburgkiana var. foliosa A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 156 (1878) [wfo-0000753221] synonym Smilax schomburgkiana var. gracilis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 156 (1878) [wfo-0000753220] synonym Smilax syphilitica Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 20 (1842) [wfo-0000742332]homotypic Smilax pseudosyphilitica Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 188 (1850) [wfo-0000753138] S. scobinicaulis C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 117 (1895) [wfo-0000742174]homotypic Smilax sieboldii var. scobinicaulis (C.H.Wright) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 48 (1960) [wfo-0000773897] synonym Smilax brevipes Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 256 (1900) [wfo-0000740769]homotypic Smilax scobinicaulis var. brevipes (Warb.) Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 1221 (1936) [wfo-0000773895] synonym Smilax brevipes var. angustifolia Pamp. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 22: 267 (1915) [wfo-0000911081] synonym Smilax cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 27 (1905) [wfo-0000740579] synonym Smilax martini H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 27 (1905) [wfo-0000742740] synonym Smilax microphylla var. nigrescens Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 259 (1900) [wfo-0000771928] synonym Smilax ocreata H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 26 (1905) [wfo-0000741812] synonym Smilax scobinicaulis var. brevipes (Warb.) Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 1221 (1936) [wfo-0000773895]basionym Smilax brevipes Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 256 (1900) [wfo-0000740769] synonym Smilax sieboldii var. scobinicaulis (C.H.Wright) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 48 (1960) [wfo-0000773897]basionym Smilax scobinicaulis C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 117 (1895) [wfo-0000742174] S. sebeana Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 149 (1867) [wfo-0000742182]synonym Smilax iriomotensis Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 25: 243 (1935) [wfo-0000742360] synonym Smilax maritima Hatus. J. Jap. Bot. 26: 373 (1951) [wfo-0000742739] S. seisuiensis (Hayata) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001424111]synonym Heterosmilax hogoensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 21 (1957) [wfo-0000658614]basionym Pseudosmilax hogoensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 125 (1920) [wfo-0000714656] synonym Heterosmilax seisuiensis (Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 427 (1934) [wfo-0000658748]basionym Pseudosmilax seisuiensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 125 (1920) [wfo-0000714665] synonym Heterosmilax septemnervia F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 428 (1934) [wfo-0000658759] synonym Pseudosmilax hogoensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 125 (1920) [wfo-0000714656]homotypic Heterosmilax hogoensis (Hayata) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 21 (1957) [wfo-0000658614] synonym Pseudosmilax seisuiensis Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 125 (1920) [wfo-0000714665]homotypic Heterosmilax seisuiensis (Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 427 (1934) [wfo-0000658748] synonym Smilax septemnervia (F.T.Wang & Tang) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001336443] S. setiramula F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000742223] S. setosa Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. : 610 (1861) [wfo-0000742232]homotypic Smilax barbata Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 196 (1878) [wfo-0000740808] synonym Smilax barbata Wall. ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 196 (1878) [wfo-0000740808]basionym Smilax setosa Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. : 610 (1861) [wfo-0000742232] S. sieboldii Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000742276]synonym Coprosmanthus oldhamii (Miq.) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000643477]basionym Smilax oldhamii Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 86 (1868) [wfo-0000741816] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. oldhamii (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753170] synonym Smilax formosana (Hayata) Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 127 (1920) [wfo-0000742593]basionym Smilax sieboldii var. formosana Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 363 (1911) [wfo-0000771800] synonym Smilax herbacea var. oldhamii (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753170]basionym Smilax oldhamii Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 86 (1868) [wfo-0000741816] homotypic Coprosmanthus oldhamii (Miq.) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000643477] synonym Smilax nebelii Gilg Beibl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 75: 26 (1904) [wfo-0000742770] synonym Smilax oldhamii Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 86 (1868) [wfo-0000741816]homotypic Coprosmanthus oldhamii (Miq.) Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa 29: 342 (1939) [wfo-0000643477] homotypic Smilax herbacea var. oldhamii (Miq.) Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 174 (1872) [wfo-0000753170] synonym Smilax sieboldii var. formosana Hayata J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30: 363 (1911) [wfo-0000771800]homotypic Smilax formosana (Hayata) Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 127 (1920) [wfo-0000742593] synonym Smilax sieboldii var. inermis Nakai Fl. Sylv. Kor. 22: 101 (1939) [wfo-0000771801]homotypic Smilax sieboldii f. inermis (Nakai) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771802] synonym Smilax sieboldii f. inermis (Nakai) H.Hara J. Jap. Bot. 33: 151 (1958) [wfo-0000771802]basionym Smilax sieboldii var. inermis Nakai Fl. Sylv. Kor. 22: 101 (1939) [wfo-0000771801] S. solanifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 161 (1878) [wfo-0000742058]synonym Smilax auraimensis Steyerm. Bol. Soc. Venez. Ci. Nat. 26: 472 (1966) [wfo-0000740709] synonym Smilax chimantensis Steyerm. & Maguire Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 17(1): 440 (1967) [wfo-0000740544] synonym Smilax pittieriana Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 155 (1951) [wfo-0000741826] S. spicata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 111 (1831) [wfo-0000742119]homotypic Dioscorea spicata (Vell.) Pedralli Bol. Bot. (São Paulo) 20: 111 (2002) [wfo-0000395454] synonym Dioscorea spicata (Vell.) Pedralli Bol. Bot. (São Paulo) 20: 111 (2002) [wfo-0000395454]basionym Smilax spicata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 111 (1831) [wfo-0000742119] synonym Smilax colossea Toledo Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 27 (1946) [wfo-0000740603] S. spinosa Mill. Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 8 (1768) [wfo-0000742082]synonym Smilax costaricae Vatke Linnaea 40: 223 (1876) [wfo-0000740686]homotypic Smilax mexicana var. costaricae (Vatke) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 117 (1878) [wfo-0000753121] synonym Smilax cumanensis Schltdl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 48 (1831) [wfo-0000740689] synonym Smilax gaumeri Millsp. Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 1: 357 (1898) [wfo-0000753967] synonym Smilax luculenta Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 289 (1936) [wfo-0000742856] synonym Smilax lundellii Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 265 (1936) [wfo-0000742860] synonym Smilax mazatlanensis Sessé & Moc. Naturaleza (Mexico City), ser. 2, 1(App.): 171 (1890) [wfo-0000742705] synonym Smilax mexicana Griseb. ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 167 (1850) [wfo-0000742710] synonym Smilax mexicana var. costaricae (Vatke) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 117 (1878) [wfo-0000753121]basionym Smilax costaricae Vatke Linnaea 40: 223 (1876) [wfo-0000740686] synonym Smilax mexicana var. inermifolia A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 117 (1878) [wfo-0000770345] synonym Smilax munda Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 265 (1936) [wfo-0000742811] synonym Smilax obtusa Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulphur : 175 (1846) [wfo-0000741806] synonym Smilax scabriuscula Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 783 (1806) [wfo-0000741855] synonym Smilax scabriuscula var. fendleri A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 143 (1878) [wfo-0000753236] synonym Smilax vaga J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 46 (1931) [wfo-0000741899] synonym Smilax wagneriana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 143 (1878) [wfo-0000741988] synonym Smilax williamsii J.F.Macbr. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 46 (1931) [wfo-0000741998] S. spissa Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 273 (1936) [wfo-0000742089] S. stans Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 170 (1872) [wfo-0000742287]homotypic Smilax vaginata var. stans (Maxim.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000771908] synonym Smilax pekingensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 108 (1878) [wfo-0000741885]homotypic Smilax vaginata var. pekingensis (A.DC.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 49 (1960) [wfo-0000773899] synonym Smilax tenuissima Hayata Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 137 (1920) [wfo-0000742290] synonym Smilax vaginata var. pekingensis (A.DC.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 13: 49 (1960) [wfo-0000773899]basionym Smilax pekingensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 108 (1878) [wfo-0000741885] synonym Smilax vaginata var. stans (Maxim.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 15 (1957) [wfo-0000771908]basionym Smilax stans Maxim. Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 17: 170 (1872) [wfo-0000742287] S. subpubescens A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 69 (1878) [wfo-0000742320]synonym Smilax calocardia Standl. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 7 (1940) [wfo-0000740562] synonym Smilax occidentalis C.V.Morton Brittonia 14: 302 (1962) [wfo-0000741807] synonym Smilax purpusii Brandegee Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 177 (1915) [wfo-0000741703] synonym Smilax rufa Lundell Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 7: 4 (1942) [wfo-0000741735] S. subsessiliflora Duhamel Traité Arbr. Arbust. (Duhamel), nouv. éd. 1: 243. [wfo-0000742334]synonym Smilax odontolama Mart. ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(1): 18. 1842 [1 Apr 1842] [wfo-0000753146] synonym Smilax odontolama M.Martens & Galeotti Fl. Bras. 3(1): 18 (1842) [wfo-1200073253] synonym Smilax salutaris Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 227 (1850) [wfo-0000741742] synonym Smilax salutaris var. armata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 128 (1878) [wfo-0000753228] S. sumatrensis (A.DC.) P.Li & C.X.Fu Phytotaxa 117: 59 (2013) [wfo-0001336444]synonym Heterosmilax borneensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 42 (1878) [wfo-0000658548] synonym Heterosmilax dalatensis Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 69 (1934) [wfo-0000658570] synonym Heterosmilax sumatrensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 42 (1878) [wfo-0000658770] S. synandra Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 73 (1934) [wfo-0000742330]homotypic Smilax corbularia subsp. synandra (Gagnep.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 242 (1975) [wfo-0000739163] synonym Heterosmilax erecta F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 255 (1978) [wfo-0000658581] synonym Smilax corbularia subsp. synandra (Gagnep.) T.Koyama Fl. Thailand 2(3): 242 (1975) [wfo-0000739163]basionym Smilax synandra Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 73 (1934) [wfo-0000742330] S. syphilitica Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4: 780 (1806) [wfo-0000742037]synonym Smilax aequatorialis (Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 141 (1878) [wfo-0000740734]basionym Smilax syphilitica var. aequatorialis Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 20 (1842) [wfo-0000753252] synonym Smilax duidae Steyerm. Fieldiana, Bot. 28(1): 154 (1951) [wfo-0000740205] synonym Smilax pseudosyphilitica var. pseudosyphilitica [wfo-0001042332] synonym Smilax syphilitica var. aequatorialis Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 20 (1842) [wfo-0000753252]homotypic Smilax aequatorialis (Griseb.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 141 (1878) [wfo-0000740734] S. tamnoides L. Sp. Pl. : 1030 (1753) [wfo-0000742282]synonym Smilax grandifolia Buckley Amer. J. Sci. Arts 45: 171 (1843) [wfo-0000742645] synonym Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. Fl. New York 2: 302 (1843) [wfo-0000742429]homotypic Smilax tamnoides var. hispida Fernald Rhodora 46: 39 (1944) [wfo-0000753250] synonym Smilax hispida var. australis Small Man. S.E. Fl. : 312 (1933) [wfo-0000753310] synonym Smilax hispida var. montana Coker J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 60: 49 (1944) [wfo-0000753158] synonym Smilax medica Petz. Arbor. Muscav. [Petzold & Kirchner] 740. 1864 [May 1864] [wfo-0000742727] synonym Smilax medica G.Kirchn. Arbor. Muscav. : 740 (1864) [wfo-1200073252] synonym Smilax tamnoides var. hispida Fernald Rhodora 46: 39 (1944) [wfo-0000753250]basionym Smilax hispida Muhl. ex Torr. Fl. New York 2: 302 (1843) [wfo-0000742429] S. tetraptera Schltr. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 32 (1906) [wfo-0000742298] S. timorensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 189 (1878) [wfo-0000742304]homotypic Smilax bracteata var. timorensis (A.DC.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 20 (1957) [wfo-0000773898] synonym Smilax bracteata var. timorensis (A.DC.) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 20 (1957) [wfo-0000773898]basionym Smilax timorensis A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 189 (1878) [wfo-0000742304] S. trachypoda J.B.Norton Pl. Wilson. 3: 3 (1916) [wfo-0000741928]synonym Smilax stans var. verruculosifolia J.M.Xu Fl. Sichuanica 7: 363 (1991) [wfo-0000739850] S. trinervula Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000741931]homotypic Smilax biflora var. trinervula (Miq.) Hatus. ex T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 12 (1957) [wfo-0000771909] homotypic Smilax china var. trinervula (Miq.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 184 (1900) [wfo-0000773887] synonym Smilax biflora var. trinervula (Miq.) Hatus. ex T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 12 (1957) [wfo-0000771909]basionym Smilax trinervula Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000741931] homotypic Smilax china var. trinervula (Miq.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 184 (1900) [wfo-0000773887] synonym Smilax china var. trinervula (Miq.) Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 14: 184 (1900) [wfo-0000773887]basionym Smilax trinervula Miq. Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch., ser. 2, 2: 87 (1868) [wfo-0000741931] homotypic Smilax biflora var. trinervula (Miq.) Hatus. ex T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 12 (1957) [wfo-0000771909] synonym Smilax esquirolii H.Lév. Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 257 (1915) [wfo-0000771930] synonym Smilax leucocarpa H.Lév. & Vaniot Liliac. & C.Chine : 26 (1905) [wfo-0000742548] synonym Smilax sarumame Ohwi Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 6: 149 (1937) [wfo-0000741922] S. tsinchengshanensis F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 119 (1934) [wfo-0000741947] S. turbans F.T.Wang & Tang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 7: 298 (1937) [wfo-0000741952] S. utilis C.H.Wright Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1895: 138 (1895) [wfo-0000741897] S. vanchingshanensis (F.T.Wang & Tang) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 224 (1978) [wfo-0000741902]basionym Smilax laevis var. vanchingshanensis F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 424 (1934) [wfo-0000771939] synonym Smilax laevis var. vanchingshanensis F.T.Wang & Tang Sinensia 5: 424 (1934) [wfo-0000771939]homotypic Smilax vanchingshanensis (F.T.Wang & Tang) F.T.Wang & Tang Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 224 (1978) [wfo-0000741902] S. velutina Killip & C.V.Morton Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 461: 283 (1936) [wfo-0000741905] S. verrucosa Griseb. Fl. Bras. 3(1): 17 (1842) [wfo-0000741911]synonym Smilax undulata Pohl ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 135 (1878) [wfo-0000741930] S. verticalis Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 81: 74 (1934) [wfo-0000741913]synonym Smilax simulans T.Koyama J. Jap. Bot. 42: 188 (1967) [wfo-0000742066] S. vitiensis (Seem.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 204 (1878) [wfo-0000741985]basionym Pleiosmilax vitiensis Seem. J. Bot. 6: 193 (1868) [wfo-0000718583] synonym Pleiosmilax vitiensis Seem. J. Bot. 6: 193 (1868) [wfo-0000718583]homotypic Smilax vitiensis (Seem.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 204 (1878) [wfo-0000741985] synonym Smilax tongaensis H.St.John Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 105: 230 (1978) [wfo-0000741924] synonym Smilax trifurcata Seem. Fl. Vit. : 309 (1868) [wfo-0000741929] S. walteri Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 1: 249 (1813) [wfo-0000742011]synonym Smilax walteri f. pallida Hollick Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 2: 55 (1890) [wfo-0000753247] S. williamsii Merr. Philipp. J. Sci., C 5: 173 (1910) [wfo-0000741999] S. yunnanensis S.C.Chen Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 3(3): 111 (1983) [wfo-0000738982] S. zeylanica L. Sp. Pl. : 1029 (1753) [wfo-0000741997]synonym Smilax ceylanica Oken Allg. Naturgesch. 3(1): 616 (1841) [wfo-0000740549] synonym Smilax elliptica Desv. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. : 58 (1825) [wfo-0000742606] synonym Smilax elliptica R.Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 293 (1810) [wfo-0000742619] synonym Smilax hohenackeri Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 240 (1850) [wfo-0000742434] synonym Smilax ovalifolia var. nervulosa A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 200 (1878) [wfo-0000773545] synonym Smilax villandia Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5123 (sp. dub.). [1831-32] [wfo-0000741915] synonym Smilax villandia Buch.-Ham. ex Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. 384 (1839) [wfo-1200073249] synonym Smilax zollingeri Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 241 (1850) [wfo-0000741993] Smilax: Unplaced Names
unknown Smilax phyllobola Mart. ex Griseb. Fl. Bras. (Martius) 3(1): 21, partim. 1842 [1 Apr 1842] [wfo-0000741880] valid Smilax morongii Small Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 605 (1898) [wfo-0000742788] valid Smilax cercidifolia Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 733 (1813) [wfo-0000740551] unknown Smilax fulgens Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5122. [1831-32] [wfo-0001353471] valid Smilax gemina Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 113 (1831) [wfo-0000742670] valid Smilax selloana A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 154 (1878) [wfo-0000742279] unknown Smilax stipulacea Bojer Hortus Maurit. 352. 1837 [wfo-0001353479] valid Smilax maclurei Merr. Lingnan Univ. Sci. Bull. 2: 11 (1930) [wfo-0000742894] unknown Smilax parviflora Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5118. [1831-32] [wfo-0001073322] valid Smilax aculeata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 110 (1831) [wfo-0000740724] unknown Smilax altissima Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. No. 5099C. (1830), nomen; Prain & Burkill in Journ. & Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1914, n. s. x. 25, in syn. [wfo-0001353468] unknown Smilax annua L. ex B.D.Jacks. Index Linn. Herb. 138 (1912), nomen. [wfo-0001353469] valid Smilax conchipes F.T.Wang & Tang Contr. Inst. Bot. Natl. Acad. Peiping 6: 20 (1949) [wfo-0000740665] valid Smilax cynanchifolia Raf. Autik. Bot. : 129 (1840) [wfo-0000740681] valid Smilax decipiens Spreng. Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 91 (1815) [wfo-0000740591] unknown Smilax flexuosa Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot. iii. 367, sphalm. [wfo-0001353470] valid Smilax fokiensis F.P.Metcalf Lingnan Sci. J. 10: 415 (1931) [wfo-0000742595] unknown Smilax gaultheriifolia Griff. Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 126, No. 463, nomen subnudum. 1848 ; Posth. Papers, ii. [wfo-0001353472] valid Smilax heterophylla Raf. Med. Repos., ser. 2, 5: 359 (1808) [wfo-0000742588] valid Smilax kainantensis Masam. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 33: 27 (1943) [wfo-0000742393] unknown Smilax macabucha Duch. ex Vidal & Garcia Cat. Sem. Manila 14. [wfo-0001353473] unknown Smilax macalucha Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 383, nomen. 1839 [Feb 1839] [wfo-0001353474] valid Smilax membranacea Raf. Autik. Bot. : 129 (1840) [wfo-0000742708] unknown Smilax milleri Steud. Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. ii. 599. [wfo-0001353475] unknown Smilax narcotica Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5099. [1831-32] [wfo-0001353476] unknown Smilax narcotica Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. vi. 289 (1892), in syn. [wfo-0001353477] valid Smilax obliqua Spreng. Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 91 (1815) [wfo-0000742780] unknown Smilax purtrampui Ruiz ex A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 97. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-0001353478] valid Smilax reniformis Raf. Autik. Bot. : 126 (1840) [wfo-0000741723] valid Smilax rhombifolia Raf. Autik. Bot. : 129 (1840) [wfo-0000741757] valid Smilax umbellata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 107 (1831) [wfo-0000741955] unknown Smilax umbellifera Herb.Heyne ex Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5124. [1831-32] [wfo-0001353480] unknown Smilax virosa Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5099. [1831-32] [wfo-0001353481] valid Smilax yui F.T.Wang Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. 5: 118 (1934) [wfo-0000742005] deprecated Smilax sect. Aculeatae G.Don Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 1830 [wfo-3400000896] valid Smilax agasthyamalana Neethu, Robi & V.P.Thomas Nordic J. Bot. 2025(8)-e04676: 2 (2025) [wfo-1000084831] illegitimate Smilax alba Bertol. Misc. Bot. 16: 24 (1856) [wfo-0000740736] deprecated Smilax subsect. Angulatae G.Don Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 1830 [wfo-3000000189] valid Smilax argyrea Lind. & Rod. Ill. Hort. 41: 12 1894 [wfo-0001072935] valid Smilax argyrea L.Linden & Rodigas Ill. Hort. 39: 51 (1892) [wfo-0000740698] unknown Smilax australis var. latifolia F.Muell. Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae 7 1869 [wfo-0001391684] valid Smilax bolavenensis Tagane & Soulad. Phytotaxa 585(1): 56 2023 [wfo-1000044576] illegitimate Smilax bona-nox var. hastata (Jacq.) O.E.Schulz Symb. Antill. 5: 24 (1904) [wfo-0001413718] valid Smilax brevipedunculata T.Murphy & S.M.Niño Harvard Pap. Bot. 28(2): 696 2023 [wfo-1000058398] valid Smilax china f. yanagitai (Honda) T.Koyama Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 10: 9 1957 [wfo-0000771612] deprecated Smilax sect. Coilanthus A.DC. Monographiae Phanerogamarum 1 1878 [wfo-3400000898] deprecated Smilax subg. Coprosmanthus Torr. Fl. New York 2: 303. 1843 [wfo-3500003393] deprecated Smilax subg. Coprosmanthus (Torr.) A.Gray Manual (Gray), ed. 2. 463. 1856 [ca. 1 Sep 1856] [wfo-3500000197] deprecated Smilax sect. Coprosmanthus (Torr.) Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(2): 763. 1883 [14 Apr 1883] [wfo-3400000678] valid Smilax elegans Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 5117. 1831-32 [wfo-0000742604] valid Smilax glyciphylla Sm. Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales 1790 [wfo-0000742688] valid Smilax hastata Jacq. Enum. Syst. Pl. : 33 (1760) [wfo-0000742656] deprecated Smilax havanensis subvar. dentata (Willd.) A.DC. [wfo-0001408383] deprecated Smilax sect. Heterosmilax (Kunth) Judd Harvard Pap. Bot. 3(2): 158 (1998). [wfo-3400010806] valid Smilax higoensis f. acuta Hiyama J. Jap. Bot. 26(5): 156 1951 [wfo-1200098536] deprecated Smilax sect. Inermes G.Don Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 1830 [wfo-3400000900] unknown Smilax insularis T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung Ill. Fl. Taiwan 1: 244. 2017 [Mar 2017], ed. 2 [wfo-1000044452] superfluous Smilax jacquinii Kunth Enum. Pl. 5: 254 (1850) [wfo-0000742364] unknown Smilax koyamae T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung Ill. Fl. Taiwan 1: 244. 2016 [Feb 2016] [wfo-1000044451] illegitimate Smilax lanceolata Walter Fl. Carol. : 245 (1788) [wfo-0000742572] illegitimate Smilax latifolia Hassk. Flora 25(2 Beibl.): 4 (1842) [wfo-0000742470] valid Smilax lidaoensis S.S.Ying New Taxa New Names 7: 346 2024 [wfo-1000076496] illegitimate Smilax longipes Warb. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 256 (1900) [wfo-0000742935] deprecated Smilax subg. Luiste Raf. Autik. Bot. 125. 1840 [wfo-3500001120] illegitimate Smilax megacarpa Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 434 (1894) [wfo-0000742701] deprecated Smilax sect. Nemexia (Raf.) A.DC. & C.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 46. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-3400004935] deprecated Smilax sect. Nemixia (Raf.) A.DC. Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 1: 45. 1878 [Jun 1878] [wfo-3400000679] deprecated Smilax subg. Nemixia (Raf.) Pennell Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 409. 1916 [wfo-3500000198] deprecated Smilax sect. Nervo-marginatae Koyama Taiwania 20(2): 119. 1975 [wfo-3400003778] valid Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 49 (1825) [wfo-0001073236] valid Smilax phyllobola M.Martens & Galeotti Fl. Bras. 3(1): 21 (1842) [wfo-1200073248] unknown Smilax plani-peduncula var. raishaensis (Hayata) T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung Ill. Fl. Taiwan 1: 251. 2016 [Feb 2016] [wfo-1200027600] unknown Smilax prolifera Roxb. Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3: 795 (1832) [wfo-1000079857] invalid Smilax prolifera Roxb. ex Wall. Numer. List n. 5124 [wfo-1000079856] valid Smilax riparia f. acuta (Hiyama) Kobayasi bis Bull. Gov. Forest Exp. Sta. 196: 92 1966 [wfo-1200098547] illegitimate Smilax rotundifolia Bello Anales Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 12: 120 (1883) [wfo-0000741768] deprecated Smilax rotundifolia var. caduca (L.) Schelle [wfo-0001413849] valid Smilax salicifolia var. variegata A.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 131 (1878) [wfo-1200020720] unknown Smilax sankira Kaempf. ex Reider Geheimnisse Blumisterei 3: 684 (1830) [wfo-1000075397] valid Smilax shuttleworthii W.Bull Gard. Chron., n.s., 5: 35 (1876) [wfo-0000742244] valid Smilax subsessiliflora var. acuminata Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 317 (1898) [wfo-0001377896] valid Smilax tafelbergensis T.Murphy & Molgo Syst. Bot. 48(4): 486 2023 [wfo-1000058478] unknown Smilax taipeiensis T.C.Hsu & S.W.Chung Ill. Fl. Taiwan 1: 254. 2017 [Mar 2017], ed. 2 [wfo-1000044443] valid Smilax taiwanensis S.S.Ying New Taxa New Names 6: 138 2023 [wfo-1000057042] deprecated Smilax subsect. Tereticaules G.Don Hort. Brit. [Loudon] 1830 [wfo-3000002921] valid Smilax tungyuanensis S.S.Ying New Taxa New Names 6: 130 2023 [wfo-1000057041] invalid Smilax virosa Buch.-Ham. ex Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 6: 289 (1892) [wfo-1200113242]